Showing papers on "Prison published in 1976"
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TL;DR: Letters From Prison, Letters From Prison, کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Abstract: Letters From Prison , Letters From Prison , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
271 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the defendant's income affected not whether he was convicted of an offense, but the likelihood of going to prison after conviction, most of this effect could be explained by the low-income defendant's poorer opportunity for pretrial release and greater likelihood of having a court-appointed rather than privately retained attorney.
Abstract: were too few females in the sample. Race, age, and employment were found to be of little or no importance. The four most important variables had a generally additive effect on prison probability. Further analysis showed that the defendant's income affected not whether he was convicted of an offense, but the likelihood of going to prison after conviction. Most of this effect could be explained by the low-income defendant's poorer opportunity for pretrial release and greater likelihood of having a court-appointed rather than privately retained attorney. This suggests that the apparent disadvantage of the lowincome defendant could be overcome by improvement of pretrial release and defense service. The study's implications with regard to sentencing procedures are discussed. Judges' wide latitude in imposing sentence may enable the defendant's income to exert the large influence that it apparently does, but narrowing judicial discretion may not reduce the effect of income if present plea bargaining practices continue.
88 citations
TL;DR: It seemed that the restricted environment with an absence of sufficient stimuli was crucial in triggering self‐mutilation in persons with antisocial personality (disorder).
Abstract: In the present study, attempts were made to clarify the characteristics and the background information of persons with antisocial personality (disorder) who had resorted to slashings. These were compared with controls with a similar personality disorder who had not resorted to slashings. It appeared that the former had been more often prone to repeated outbursts of rage or fighting, drug abuse, and even other forms of self-destruction as well as tattooing in prison. They had more often had an alcoholic father. Moreover, they were more withdrawn, anxious and had a tendency to blame their environment. They had more often made efforts to get out of the restricted milieu of prison to the prison's psychiatric department and experienced the confined space of the prison as oppressive. They resorted to slashing usually in prisons and it seemed that the restricted environment with an absence of sufficient stimuli was crucial in triggering self-mutilation.
72 citations
TL;DR: Ex-prisoners whose initiation into homosexuality occurred during prison are studied to find an answer to Kirkham's question can such men return to conventional heterosexual lives after release, or has the experience of being forced into acts of passive homosexuality been so traumatic as to preclude the resumption of sexual relations with members of the opposite sex.
Abstract: Although there has grown up to a considerable literature on sex experiences in prison, little has been written on the post-prison behavioral patterns of those who, voluntarily or involuntarily, become initiated into homosexuality while incarcerated. In the light of the considerable number of prisoners and ex-prisoners in the original Kinsey sample, it is possible that the Institute for Sex Research might have in its files material that would shed light on this problem. To date, nothing has been forthcoming. In one of the few references to the subject, Kirkham (1972, p. 42) suggests that sexual experiences in prison may have permanent effects on the lives of some of the participants: "Can such men return to conventional heterosexual lives after release, or has the experience of being forced into acts of passive homosexuality been so traumatic as to preclude the resumption of sexual relations with members of the opposite sex?" In a search for an answer to his question, the present paper studies ex-prisoners whose initiation into homosexuality occurred during prison.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the degree of crowding in a federal prison and a county jail and found that dorm inmates in the prison had higher complaint rates than those in the county jail.
Abstract: Illness complaint rates were examined in relation to degree of crowding in a federal prison and a county jail. It was found that dorm inmates in the prison had higher complaint rates than those in ...
67 citations
63 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An overhead ropeway crab assembly uses a fixed guide cable and a endless cable moving adjacent the guide cable to selectively coupled to one cable or the other by clamping jaws.
Abstract: An overhead ropeway crab assembly uses a fixed guide cable and a endless cable moving adjacent the guide cable. A crab is selectively coupled to one cable or the other by clamping jaws. The endless cable includes a connector from which the crab is spaced and a line extends from the connector through the crab and includes a hook or the like for engaging a load. The line is lowered or raised by adjusting the position of the crab.
53 citations
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44 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Surveys in the U n i t e d K i n g d o m found that considerable differences be tween psychia trists in the use of psychiatric labels associ ated wi th personality disorder, but there is less problem in describing the actual behav iour of the subjects.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Glueck (1918) m a d e a n intensive psychiatric assessment of the inmates of S ing S ing Prison, N e w York, out l in ing the h igh pro port ion w h o dev iated from m e n t a l heal th . S ince then, surveys in the U n i t e d K i n g d o m (Table I) inc lude those by R o p e r ( 1 9 5 0 ; 1951) , Wes t (1963 ) , R o b i n s o n et al. (1965) , Bluglass (1967) , Gibbens ( 1 9 6 6 ; 1970) and G u n n (1973) . General ly the surveys s h o w a h igh inc idence of menta l disorder, viz . 50 per centf or more . T h e a i m of this invest igation was to e x a m i n e the inc idence of m e n t a l disorder in m e n (principally category B) w h o served their w h o l e sentence in a local prison, and the use m a d e of the various facilities in the prison. At tent ion was paid particularly to the funct ioning o f the subject in the c o m m u n i t y as wel l as to formal psychiatric symptoms . Whi ls t there m a y be considerable differences be tween psychia trists in the use of psychiatric labels associ ated wi th personality disorder, there is m u c h less problem in describing the actual behav iour of the subjects ( W a l t o n and Presly, 1973) . Th i s study a imed to e x a m i n e the extent of the social incapac i ty of the subject, o n the assumption that severe social mal funct ioning reflects basic att itudes and traits w h i c h deviate from the normal to an extent that they m a y be regarded as disordered.
TL;DR: The Niantic Project as mentioned in this paper created a prison environment which would enable an offender to participate in meaningful democratic experiences in a meaningful way by creating a game-theoretic environment.
Abstract: Existing prison programs fail to provide opportunities for the offender to participate in meaningful democratic experiences. The Niantic Project sought to create a prison environment which would av...
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The findings support most of the hypotheses: Although all subjects were basically future oriented, the institutionalized subjects (mainly prisoners) were more present oriented than their non-institutionalized counterparts.
Abstract: This study investigated the temporal orientation of delinquents and non-delinquents while adequately controlling institutionalization. For this purpose, four groups were selected: institutionalized delinquents (prison inmates); institutionalized non-delinquents (soldiers); non-institutionalized delinquents (delinquents on probation); and non-institutionalized non-delinquents (vocational students). The findings support most of the hypotheses: Although all subjects were basically future oriented, the institutionalized subjects (mainly prisoners) were more present oriented than their non-institutionalized counterparts. As the prisoner approached release, there was a decrease in the salience of the present and an increase in the salience of the future in his life space. Delinquents (both in and out of prison) perceived the past as more negative and the future as more positive than did non-delinquents. Institutionalized subjects (especially prisoners) perceived the present as more negative than their non-institutionalized counterparts. The affective attitudes of the non-delinquents toward the past, present, and future were much more balanced and realistic than that of the delinquents.
TL;DR: A social indicator system was used to assess alcohol-related problems among American Indian people in Minnesota and showed that Indian people commonly encountered alcohol- related "events" that led to death or to social institutions with a poor record of problem resolution.
Abstract: A social indicator system was used to assess alcohol-related problems among American Indian people in Minnesota. Instead of counting “cases,” the method involved using “events” that were recorded by various social institutions in the course of their work. The system showed that Indian people commonly encountered alcohol-related “events” that led to death or to social institutions with a poor record of problem resolution (foster homes, jail, prison, welfare agencies). However, they infrequently appeared in psychiatric facilities with alcohol-related “events.”
TL;DR: The academic performance of two inmates in math and English were compared when two levels of incentives were made contingent on that performance and it showed that the two inmates passed academic tests as much as nine times faster under an enriched schedule of incentives than under a standard one.
TL;DR: It is argued in this paper that a doctor cannot serve two masters and it is shown that his dual allegiance to the state and to those individuals who are under his care results in activities which largely favour the former.
Abstract: It is argued in this paper that a doctor cannot serve two masters. The work of the prison medical officer is examined and it is shown that his dual allegiance to the state and to those individuals who are under his care results in activities which largely favour the former. The World Health Organisation prescribes a system of health ethics which indicates, in qualitative terms, the responsibility of each state for health provisions. In contrast, the World Medical Association acts as both promulgator and guardian of a code of medical ethics which determines the responsibilities of the doctor to his patient. In the historical sense medical practitioners have always emphasized the sanctity of the relationship with their patients and the doctor's role as an expert witness is shown to have centered around this bond. The development of medical services in prisons has focused more on the partnership between doctor and institution. Imprisonment in itself could be seen as prejudicial to health as are disciplinary methods which are more obviously detrimental. The involvement of medical practitioners in such procedures is discussed in the light of their role as the prisoner's personal physician.
TL;DR: A consensus seems to be emerging on the shape of desirable reform-reducing discretion and the widespread disparity that is its shadow, abolishing parole decisions based on whether a prisoner can convince a parole board that he has been "reformed," and creating a system in in which punishment depends much more importantly on the seriousness of the particular offense.
Abstract: In its current crisis the American system of criminal justice has no friends. Overcrowded, unprincipled, and ill-coordinated, the institutions in our society that determine whether and to what extent a criminal defendant should be punished are detested in equal measure by prison wardens and prisoners, cab drivers and college professors. What is more surprising (and perhaps more dangerous), a consensus seems to be emerging on the shape of desirable reform-reducing discretion and the widespread disparity that is its shadow, abolishing parole decisions based on whether a prisoner can convince a parole board that he has been "reformed," and creating a system in in which punishment depends much more importantly than at present on the seriousness of the particular offense. A number of books and committee
TL;DR: The Federally-sponsored research and development project centered on the current state of participatpry management programs in correctional institutions as mentioned in this paper was one of the first studies to evaluate the effects of participatory management on prisoners.
Abstract: The Federally-sponsored research and development project centered on the current s+ate of participatpry management programs in correctional institutions. Questionnaires were mailed to all adult institutions known to have some form of council or committee structure. on -site visits conducted at several institutions included: large and small; male, female, and coed; those having councils and'those having committees; and those representing various geographical regions of the United States. Interviews were held with 'administrators, staff, and inmates where possible. Council members were interviewed and, when allowed, council, meetings were observed. There is confusion and misconception aboutParticipatory management and no differentiation in the literature based upon typological categories. The prevailing assumption in penological circles that \"inmate government\" is a corrupting, dysfunctional modality for prison \\management is based almost entirely upon examples which are not participatory management as discussed in this project. Inmate councils have come into existence mainly in response to a crisis rather than as a treatment program of self-responsibility. Although there is some evidence to indicate' measurable, positive effects of shared decision-making, there is no evidence of research or evaluation to assess the effects of participatory management on either the institutions or the participants. Tables and questionnaires are appended. (Author/EA) r....=mm....., . , 6 APR I SHARED DECISION-MAKING AS A TREATMENT TECHNIQUE I IN PRISON MANAGEMENT THE MURTON FOUNDATION FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INC.
TL;DR: The results support the hypothesis that increased incarceration has a harmful effect upon personality and differentiate first offenders from repeaters and short-term from long-term inmates.
Abstract: This investigation was designed to study personality differences among prison inmates that could be attributed to the number of felony offenses and the length of incarceration. MMPI profiles of 93 inmates of a medium security prison were obtained and analyzed. Special attention was directed to the five MMPI variables K, D, PD, SC, and MA. These five variables taken collectively successfully differentiated first offenders from repeaters and short-term from long-term inmates. The results support the hypothesis that increased incarceration has a harmful effect upon personality.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on Cell Block Theatre, which works in the New Jersey state correctional system, The Theatre for the Forgotten and The Street Theatre which work in New York City and state system, and the Guthrie Theatre Prison Program at three correctional institutions in Minnesota.
Abstract: While theatre groups have been entertaining and conducting workshops in prisons for many years, it is only since 1973 that studies have been made to assess the therapeutic value of theatre programs connected to prison systems. Hard evidence is being amassed that theatre workshops for prisoners and ex-offenders significantly reduce the rate of re-arrest among participants-more so than any other of the many remotivational programs in the correctional systems across the country. Nationally, 85 percent of those released from prison are re-arrested within a year, most within the first four months. The rate of re-arrest among participants in theatre workshops in the New York/New Jersey area is currently 10 to 15 percent. This article will focus on Cell Block Theatre, which works in the New Jersey state correctional system, The Theatre for the Forgotten and The Street Theatre, which work in the New York City and state system, and the Guthrie Theatre Prison Program at three correctional institutions in Minnesota. One of the most innovative programs to be started in the last year and a half is Cell Block Theatre's "Crucial Bridge-Gap Therapy" project. The ultimate goal of the four-
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a manual for using this manual and using the courts, focusing on the rights of prisoners and conditions of confinement in a prison environment, as well as the legal system.
Abstract: Personal Statement Table of Cases Preface and Acknowledgments I. Introduction: Using this Manual and Using the Courts Part I: The Rights of Prisoners II. Conditions of Confinement III. Civil Liberties in Prison IV. Procedural Due Process V. Equal Protection of the Laws VI. Pre-Trial Detainee's Rights Part II: Enforcing Your Rights VII. The Legal System VII. Actions, Defenses, and Relief IX. How to Litigate X. Legal Research XI. Writing Legal Documents
TL;DR: The relationship between John Howard and the Gloucestershire magistrate Sir George Oneiphorus Paul was examined in this article, where Howard made prison reform a national issue, but it was Paul who achieved practical results.
Abstract: OBSERVATIONS concerning English prison reform in the latter part of the eighteenth century have generally focused upon the activities of John Howard.' Howard's dramatic exposes of prison conditions throughout Great Britain, the Continent, and America won him a reputation as "The Philanthropist." Biographers of Howard have tended to accept the panegyrics of his contemporaries without seriously evaluating the nature of his achievement.2 Howard was an efficient propagandist, but was not himself in a position to put his ideas into effect. Reforms could come only from the efforts of those who had the power, the English magistracy. This paper examines the relationship between John Howard and the Gloucestershire magistrate Sir George Onesiphorus Paul. Howard made prison reform a national issue, but it was Paul who achieved practical results. Howard described the ideal prison, but 1 There are no books on eighteenth-century prison reform to compare with the admirable study of the criminal law in Leon Radzinowicz, A History of the Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750: The Movement for Reform 17501833 (New York, 1948). In fact, of the general studies of prison reform (and there are no studies specifically of eighteenth-century prisons) Sidney and Beatrice Webb, English Prisons Under Local Government (1922; rpt. Hamden, Conn., 1963) is the only attempt to consider the problem within the context of local administrative realities, and it is often distorted and inaccurate. Esther Moir, The Justice of the Peace (London, 1969) indicates the direction that studies of eighteenth-century administration should take. In order to understand eighteenth-century prison reform we must first comprehend the prison reformers' relationship to the man who turned ideas into reality, the Justice of the Peace.
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the representation of homosexuality in psychiatric literature, particularly that portion which maintains that homosexulity is a psychopathological condition, and offered an alternative perspective of homosexuals as a minority group that should be provided meaningful social and psychological services in the criminal justice system.
Abstract: This paper reviews the representation of homosexuality in psychiatric literature, particularly that portion which maintains that homosexulity is a psychopathological condition, and offers an alternative perspective of homosexuals as a minority group that should be provided meaningful social and psychological services in the criminal justice system. It proceeds to describe the sexual retraining program ata maximum security prison hospital that houses primarily pedophiles, and outlines a program consisting of desensitization and education of the prison staff, cooperation with local gay groups, and seual retraining of the homosexual pedophiles in the direction of adult homosexual behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of a highly successful minimum security state prison in southern Illinois suggests that establishing significant penal reforms, at least in open or community based correctional facilities, depends upon articulating the prison program with the economic, social and political systems of the local community in which the institution is lodged.
Abstract: This study of a highly successful minimum security state prison in southern Illinois suggests that establishing significant penal reforms, at least in open or community based correctional facilities, depends upon articulating the prison program with the economic, social and political systems of the local community in which the institution is lodged. Vienna Correctional Center was built initially due to the efforts of the local elite for whom a large state institution meant economic revival and the expansion of political patronage. The prison has grown and expanded its reform programs in novel directions by continuing to find ways to serve particular community interests. At a time when establishing community based facilities in urban communities is meeting strong opposition this case study points out that chances for success are highest in those situations where the prison can serve a functional role in the life of the community.
TL;DR: The main difference between the treatment of offenders in prisons in America and in Britain lies in the nature of the federal system which means that each state may operate a different system in a variety of prisons and prison medical services are as various.
Abstract: In Britain doctors and others concerned with the treatment of offenders in prison may consult the Butler Report (see Focus, pp 157) and specialist journals, but these sources are concerned with the system in Britain only. In America the situation is different, both in organization and in certain attitudes. Dr Peter L Sissons has therefore provided a companion article to that of Dr Paul Bowden (page 163) describing the various medical issues in prisons. The main difference between the treatment of offenders in prisons in America and in Britain lies in the nature of the federal system which means that each state may operate a different system in a variety of prisons and prison medical services are as various. Nationally, the prison systems are 'structured to treat and cure the offender'. Therefore it follows that the prison medical officer is only one of the professionals concerned with this 'cure' of the offender. This principle also applies to any form of research: medical research in prisons is part of a programme which covers a wide field of social and judicial research. The prison medical officer (where there is one) has of course to look after sick prisoners, and the American idea of 'cure' is also expressed in the need for more corrective surgery where, for example, it is necessary to remove physical impediments to social rehabilitation. But a doctor is only found on the staff of those institutions which are large: in the smaller prisons there may be only first-aid facilities, and no specially appointed doctor in the community. Moreover medicines are often dispensed by medical auxiliaries who are sometimes prisoners themselves. Finally, in America prisoners are regularly invited to volunteer as subjects for medical and social research for which they are paid. In short, although it is hoped to 'cure' a prisoner he is a criminal first and a patient second.
TL;DR: This survey of 827 psychologists' and trainees' attitudes toward drug abusers includes definitions of drug abuse, causes, recommended treat, treatment environments, and personal commitment to treating abusers.
Abstract: This survey of 827 psychologists' and trainees' attitudes toward drug abusers includes definitions of drug abuse, causes, recommended treat, treatment environments, and personal commitment to treating abusers. The use of prison and courts is contrasted with hospitals, and a subgroup's attitudes are contrasted with previously surveyed attitudes toward alcoholics. Recommended financial benefits and knowledge of laboratory tests to detect drug abuse also are assessed. Differences among three groups of psychologists and their respective response biases are discussed. Various elements of the profession have potential contributions to make to this serious social problem.
TL;DR: Nagel as mentioned in this paper made a presentation at the 106th Congress of the American Correctional Association, August 22-26, 1976, in Philadelphia, where the prison was located in Philadelphia.
Abstract: william G. Nagel is Executive Vice President of The American Foundation, Incorporated and Director of its Institute of Corrections. This article is derived from a presentation made at the 106th Congress of the American Correctional Association, August 22-26, 1976. For more than a decade and a half The American Foundation has wanted to upgrade correctional facilities and programs in the United States. We are located in Philadelphia where the prison, as we