Showing papers on "Restructuring published in 1980"

International Marketing and Purchasing of Industrial Goods Features of a European Research Project

Abstract: Discusses some underlying concepts and unique features of a major European study on industrial marketing and purchasing carried out by the IMP group. Based in part on theory. Focuses the research on relationships between buying and selling companies and these are from five European countries, e.g. France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. Assumes that industrial markets are influenced strongly by technological factors. Looks at an interaction approach to industrial marketing and purchasing, stating it may be a form of interpersonal contacts between individuals filling various roles in supplier and customer organizations. Further discusses this in detail using figures for more emphasis along with tables. Concludes it is very important to emphasize that companies should exercise existing relationships, home or abroad, to see which stages they fall into, and this examination should be preliminary to an assessment of each relationship. Points to a need for organisational restructuring of companies.

Schema analysis for database restructuring

Abstract: The problem of generalized restructuring of databases has been addressed with two limitations: first, it is assumed that the restructuring user is able to describe the source and target databases in terms of the implicit data model of a particular methodology; second, the restructuring user is faced with the task of judging the scope and applicability of the defined types of restructuring to his database implementation and then of actually specifying his restructuring needs by translating them into the restructuring operations on a foreign data model. A certain amount of analysis of the logical and physical structure of databases must be performed, and the basic ingredients for such an analysis are developed here. The distinction between hierarchical and nonhierarchical data relationships is discussed, and a classification for database schemata is proposed. Examples are given to illustrate how these schemata arise in the conventional hierarchical and network systems. Application of the schema analysis methodology to restructuring specification is also discussed. An example is presented to illustrate the different implications of restructuring three seemingly identical database structures.

Pakistan under Bhutto, 1971-1977

Abstract: Part 1 The backdrop: insiders and outsiders the search for a new constituency rise to power. Part 2 The regime in power, 1971-7: restructuring institutions redirecting economic development - management by the PPP left economic decision-making without constraints, 1974-7. Part 3 The fall from power: preparing for elections in 1977 the 1977 elections. Part 4 The Bhutto legacy.

The Awakening of ‘informal Sector’ Studies in Southern Africa

Abstract: Research on the ‘informal sector’ in Southern Africa began only during the late 19705. The backdrop to this awakened concern and a review of the extant literature on Southern Africa are presented. The growing interest is related to a restructuring of Southern African studies as a whole, a recognition of the chronic problems of structural unemployment and to the accordance of the concept with reformist strategies of capitalist development. The existing literature divides first into macro-level studies debating the size of the ‘informal sector’ and its relevance to development planning in Southern Africa and, second, micro-level studies focussed on particular ‘informal sector’ activities past and present.

Rational restructuring for anger control: A quasi-experimental case study

Abstract: Ellis (1962) is one of the earliest proponents of language-mediated cognitive therapy procedures. Ellis emphasizes the importance of logically \"dissecting\" maladaptive self-statements believed to be the cause of the client's emotional distress. A major criticism of the Ellis formulation concerns an absence of specific procedures for the implementation of RET (Goldfried & Davison, 1976). Goldfried and Davison (1976) describe rational, or cognitive, restructuring therapy, which systematizes the cognitive intervention procedure. Rational restructuring has been effective in the modification of speech anxiety (Glogower, Fremouw, & McCroskey, 1978), test anxiety (Goldfried, Linehan, & Smith, 1978), and assertiveness (Linehan, Goldfried, & Goldfried, 1979). A related technique, stress inoculation, has been applied to the modification of extreme levels of anger (Novaco, 1977). However, no published reports are found to support the efficacy of RET or rational restructuring in anger control. The present paper is presented as an experimental case study of the application of rational restructuring for the control of anger.

Adult learners—the new majority: A demographic reality

Abstract: The demographic realities of the present college student population require rethinking and restructuring of student services. Many of the premises on which they were based no longer exist.

Foundations for a Unified Approach to Evaluation Research

Abstract: As a species of practical or applied research in the social sciences, curriculum studies are intended, in fact, to perfect the means of maintaining a balance between social stability and social evolution. The mandate for doing so is clearly embedded in the history of public education as "that process by which human culture is transmitted across the generations" (Bailyn 1972). But crisis-provoked shifts in the structure of society itself have created in recent years a crisis for the taken-for-granted stock of knowledge which grounds theory formation and methodology in curriculum. Curriculum theory and research of the past twenty years are distinguished by progressive failure to maintain the identity of curriculum as a regulatory force in the process of cultural transmission and social evolution. Criticism, generated internally and sometimes more devastating than that generated from outside, has proliferated during this time. A demand for new programs to meliorate perceived social crises has resulted in a call for the restructuring of curriculum theory. New programs seen as emergent from new theories have in turn called into question the traditional pretest-post-test, input-output evaluation strategy. Theoretical and methodological criticism from within a field provoke proliferation of alternative theories and eventually culminate in an intellectual schism among researchers and scholars in that field. Contestants standing on one side of the schism will be engaged in a kind of salvage operation involving a stretching and reshaping of the entrenched models so as to enable them to accommodate new or changing observations even when such an attempt appears impossible. Critics on the other side will typically propose a radical rethinking and restructuring of the entire field (Kuhn 1970). Conceptual utility is doubtless served by the critical activity of this polarization phase. Ideas are articulated and clarified against a background of conflict and contradiction. There comes a time, however, when argument degenerates into mere contradiction if the insights gained and

The Japanese Textile Industry: Structural Adjustment and Government Policy

Abstract: CHANGES IN THE PATTERNS of international trade resulting from shifts in international comparative advantage impose problems of structural adjustment on adversely affected parties. This is perhaps no better illustrated than by the case of manufactured textile products and apparel (i.e., the textile industry), where the relatively low-technology, labor-intensive content of the products has enabled producers in less developed countries (LDC's) to become formidable competitors in world markets quickly. International agreements sanctioning the use of temporary market safeguards have been formulated at the insistence of advanced countries in order to reduce their own costs of adjustment. Unfortunately, in most cases protection has assumed a permanent form, thereby impeding the reallocation of both domestic and international resources and resulting in economic inefficiencies. Against this background, it is commonly believed that the Japanese government has actively promoted the restructuring of the economy by adopting special measures both to encourage the development of promising sectors and to promote the withdrawal of resources from declining industries. According to some Western observers, the Japanese ability to plan stems from superior bureaucratic guidance and a close and cooperative relationship between business and government. Japanese policy has been evaluated highly, especially by observers in the United States where the laissez faire principle discourages government promo-

Locational aspects of medical care-seeking in a rural population with some implications for public policy research.

Abstract: The published literature suggests that 2 factors affect where people seek medical care: the characteristics of the population and the organization of the health care delivery system. In this study survey data from a rural west Texas population were used to evaluate the relative importance of these factors in determining whether individuals are affiliated with an urban or rural source of care. Population characteristics appear to be the more important determinants; in fact where people seek care may not be substantially altered by restructuring the organizational and geographical components of the health care delivery system. (Authors)

Preventing or Eliminating Planned Deficits: Restructuring Political Incentives

Abstract: In the past few years, many United States cities have been coping with tax base erosion, and other revenue problems. Rapid inflation in expenditures has exaggerated the problem.' As a consequence, many cities have been faced with potential deficits and have had to make a series of difficult political and administrative decisions to close the widening gap between revenues and expenditures.' The political incentives in most urban politics are overwhelming in favor of either raising new revenues or denying the existence of a gap, while deficits begin to build and budgetary practices become less conservative and more "creative." Once a strategy of obfuscation has begun, it becomes difficult to know how large or important deficits are. As long as incentives support obfuscation and the magnitude of the problem is unknown, there is little motivation for politicians to return to more conservative, balanced budgets. This paper discusses the possibility of restructuring the incentives for politicians, so that it would be more to their advantage to maintain or restore a balanced budget. The paper outlines the incentive system as it currently operates; suggests some changes in these incentives, and describes the kind of incentives actually operating in a case study city that eliminated large deficits without being forced to do so by its state government or by imminent default.

The national transportation policy study commission and its final report: a review

Abstract: The author calls the recommendations of this comprehensive study often vague, sometimes in conflict, and frequently lacking in details needed for implementation. No sense is conveyed of the relative importance of proposals or of possible conflicts between them. Broad themes are reliance on market, utilization of private enterprise wherever possible, avoidance of government policy which is prejudicial to market performance, subjecting of proposed policy to economic analysis, and moving of public investment decisions as far as possible toward the local level. Much is made of the weakness of the railroad industry but prospects for mergers, deregulation, restructuring and competitive advantage do not appear to offer great promise for increasing railroad capabilities. There also seems to be little promise in substituting antitrust jurisdiction for existing regulation, for relying on market forces to control energy use, and for the fostering of intermodalism.

Counselor Education: If It Isn't Fresh, We're Out of Business

Abstract: Counselor education programs will be under increasing pressure from several sources in the next decade Psychology licensing laws, the requirements of third party vendors and a changing job market will cause restructuring or elimination of current programs at many universities Flight, fight, accommodation, and professionalization are considered as ways of coping with this threat The authors offer recommendations for survival

Participles In 'Afar: Evidence For the Restructuring of Verb Suffixes

Abstract: fa In both the Prefix and Suffix conjugations of ‘Afar the distinction between perfect and non-perfect aspects is generally maintained in main verb forms. Mood forms, such as the imperative and jussive, are, however, exceptions to this. The morphological means whereby this aspect distinction is realized is essentially different in the two conjugations although historically one of these means derives from the other. One accidental result of this historical derivation is that two affixes of identical form have come to occupy comparable locations in the structure of the verb. One of them occurs in certain Prefix verb forms, the other in certain Suffix verb forms. In most constructions the functions of these affixes are quite distinct. There are, however, certain constructions in the two conjugations, which clearly correspond functionally to each other, but in which the distribution of the two affixes is anomalous. In this paper the questions are looked at in the light of an internal reconstruction of some areas of the verbal system, with the result that a hypothesis of partial (contextually determined) restructuring is presented as the most plausible means of explaining the anomalies.

An international development levy on multinational corporations

Abstract: This paper argues that the Multinational Corporations (MNC's) help generate global income disparities by exploiting the underprivileged populations in the Less Developed Countries (LDC's) for the benefit of the affluent groups, and that one practical method for rectifying this inequity is to impose a Development Levy on MNCs to finance egalitarian development in LDCs. The proposed Development Levy on MNCs would not only promote greater global equity, but also ensure the continued survival and growth of NMCs. Indeed, the proposal would go a long way toward the promotion of global equity, envisaged in the New International Economic Order (NIEO), without necessitating any major dislocation or restructuring of the world trade system.

Kemeny Report on the accident at Three Mile Island. [Evaluation of report]

Abstract: The Kemeny Report on events at Three Mile Island (TMI) identifies the basic problem as people-related and the major effect as financial. The report recommends restructuring the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to improve communications and increase public participation. The report's major concern is for the practice of treating unresolved generic problems separately to speed up licensing so that they tend to remain unsolved. Utilities are blamed for not meeting NRC safety guidelines, which need to be stregthened. The author feels that by not evaluating the technological side of TMI events, the Kemeny Report loses credibility and may have little, or even a negative, effect on the safety and health of the country. 51 references. (DCK)

Does market competition belong in health care

Abstract: In the first part of a two-part article, the role of market competition in health care is examined in terms of its possible efficacy in reducing costs and restructuring the system.

Alternatives to Delayed Structural Adjustment in 'Workshop Europe'

Abstract: There is much to criticise in the way in which industrial policy is conducted in the European Community. Governments continue to fly to the help of sick firms without apparently considering the broader implications of such aid for other sectors of the world economy. It is necessary to think in terms of the world economy because of the degree of integration which has taken place among national economies, especially among the more industrialised ones, as a result not only of the liberalisation of international trade and capital flows that has been effected since World War II but also of the technological advances that have been made since then in transport and communications; and it is still necessary to labour the point because, in spite of all the political talk of ‘economic interdependence’, it is not yet obvious that politicians and media of public opinion have much idea of what it means. Restructuring an industry has in practice become synonymous, in the European Community, with protection and cartelisation and there is a deep reluctance to let large firms, however inefficient, go to the wall.1

Medicaid and the Mainstream: Reassessment in the Context of the Taxpayer Revolt

Abstract: California's Medicaid program-Medi-Cal-attempted to implement the ideal of mainstream medical care for the poor by giving program beneficiaries a "credit card" for use in the private health care marketplace. This exposed the program to the perverse economic incentives of the fee-for-service, costplus health care system, and contributed to a high rate of increase in program costs. Attempts to control costs have been equally perverse, resulting in low payment rates, the second-guessing of physician professional judgments, the probing of medical and fiscal records, and the use of computerized surveillance systems. Attempts to shift to the use of more efficient delivery systems have had small success. Attempts to attain cost containment through restructuring the Medi-Cal program have been rejected in the name of the mainstream ideal. Costs have continued to escalate, with annual increases as high as 20 percent in some years. Medi-Cal now costs $4 billion per year, the largest single program in California state government. The taxpayer revolt in California is creating a fiscal crisis that will force rethinking of the premises of publicly funded health care for the poor, and a restructuring of strategies for reaching that objective. In the short run, it appears that the issue may not be whether the indigent will have access to mainstream medical care, but whether they will have access to any medical care. In the longer run, the crisis should represent an opportunity for building a system of health care that can serve the financially disadvantaged at a cost tolerable to our society.