Showing papers on "Rhetorical question published in 1972"
TL;DR: The process by which small groups fantasize to create a common culture can be extrapolated to the way dramatizations in public messages spread out across larger publics as discussed by the authors, and the composite dramas which catch up large groups of people in a symbolic reality can be termed a rhetorical vision.
Abstract: The process by which small groups fantasize to create a common culture can be extrapolated to the way dramatizations in public messages spread out across larger publics. The composite dramas which catch up large groups of people in a symbolic reality can be termed a rhetorical vision. Once we participate in a given rhetorical vision, even if we keep an esthetic distance, we have come to experience vicariously a way of life that would otherwise be less accessible to us. The discovery and appreciation of rhetorical visions are useful functions of criticism.
576 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: This guide to English usage describes the word order, puncuation, rhetorical effect and special meanings of each grammatical structure.
Abstract: This guide to English usage describes the word order, puncuation, rhetorical effect and special meanings of each grammatical structure. Emphasizing both formal and informal written English, it features a number of examples in natural language.
256 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the rhetorical approach best promises to facilitate human understanding and to effect social cohesion, and describe five characteristics of rhetorical sensitivity, which can help men make the most of social interactions.
Abstract: Contemporary attitudes toward communication can be viewed as two‐dimensional—expressive and instrumental. The argument of this article is that the instrumental, or as we would label it, the rhetorical approach, best promises to facilitate human understanding and to effect social cohesion. Five characteristics of rhetorical sensitivity are described. These are features which, if incorporated and operationalized in discourse, can help men make the most of social interactions. The rhetorically sensitive person (a) tries to accept role‐taking as part of the human condition, (b) attempts to avoid stylized verbal behavior, (c) is characteristically willing to undergo the strain of adaptation, (d) seeks to distinguish between all information and that information acceptable for communication, and (e) tries to understand that an idea can be rendered in multi‐form ways.
190 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A Theory of Discourse as mentioned in this paper provides a broad overview of rhetorical and discourse theory, bringing together and analyzing such varied approaches as Aristotelian rhetoric, modern logic, linguistics, and literary theory.
Abstract: This important and influential study is the first to cover the whole field of rhetoric and discourse theory, bringing together and analyzing such varied approaches as Aristotelian rhetoric, modern logic, linguistics, and literary theory. James Kinneavy explores the many and varied purposes of language, and relates these purposes to four discourse types: reference, persuasive, literary, and expressive. Each type is discussed in terms of its inherent logic, its characteristic patterns of organization, and its stylistic features, with abundant examples in support of Dr. Kinneavy's analysis. Readers are invited to sharpen their own perceptions through numerous, carefully planned end-of-chapter exercises, and through further reading in sources listed in chapter bibliographies. A Theory of Discourse is essential reading for scholars of rhetorical and discourse theory, and for teachers of writing and other communications skills. It can also serve as the core text in a course on rhetoric or the teaching of college writing.
100 citations
TL;DR: The diatribe is a unique rhetorical form that relies on obscenities, strident moralism, slang, and advocacy of a "counterculture" to protest corrupt cultures as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The diatribe is a unique rhetorical form. The rhetor relies on obscenities, strident moralism, slang, and advocacy of a “counter‐culture” to protest corrupt cultures. It was invented by the Cynics of Athens and revived by the Yippies to protest the war in Vietnam. It is a product of basic commitments about the nature of man and forged by circumstances that rhetors believe exclude conventional means of protest.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an exploratory analysis of the rhetorical dimensions of music is presented, focusing on those elements inherent in the musical situation which function as rhetorical v... and the rhetorical dimension of music.
Abstract: This article is an exploratory analysis of the rhetorical dimensions of music. The first level of analysis deals with those elements inherent in the musical situation which function as rhetorical v...
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the persuasive effect of rhetorical elicitation of agreement responses was assessed under various conditions of initial attitude relative to the attitudinal position advocated and the resulting resistance to counterpersuasion was measured.
Abstract: The persuasive effect of the rhetorical elicitation of agreement responses was assessed under various conditions of initial attitude relative to the attitudinal position advocated Additionally, the resulting resistance to counterpersuasion was measured. A significant increase in the effectiveness of persuasion was obtained, especially under conditions of initially opposed attitude. No facilitation of effectiveness was found under conditions of initially neutral attitude Resistance to counterpersuasion was not differentially affected by treatments The enhancement of cognitive involvement is discussed as an insufficient explanation. A rationale based mainly on the operant learning of the connotations of significance and certainty associated with verbal constructs such as the rhetorical agreement question was developed and employed to explain the results obtained. Also, an alternative explanation was proposed, maintaining that the findings might be due to a lowering of the communicatee's defenses as a consequence of changes in source perception brought about by the style of language used.
53 citations
TL;DR: Rhetorical invention should focus on topoi which allow learners and users to acquire knowledge and categorize experience for communication and to facilitate the recurrence of experience in communication.
Abstract: Rhetorical invention should focus on topoi which allow learners and users to acquire knowledge and categorize experience for communication and to facilitate the recurrence of experience in communication. Special problems: (1) maintaining a balance between the philosophical and the practical; (2) pinning down . the relationships between mental processes typical of rhetorical activity (explaining and arguing) and of poetic activity (imagining) and (3) distinguishing between topics intended primarily to prompt recall and those intended to prompt originality of utterance and argument. Perelman's New Rhetoric is offered as an example of (1) the author presents his topical scheme in illustration of (3).
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the role of schooling as social control and as structured activity in the formation of beliefs about society as a moral order and the development of commitment to values and moral rules.
Abstract: Central to socialization is the growth of commitment to values and moral rules and the formation of beliefs about society as a moral order. To what extent does schooling influence these processes? In what ways? How might it influence them? Answers to these questions have been rhetorical for the most part because so little is known about the ways that schooling fosters and constrains students' commitments and beliefs. Analyses of schooling as social control and as structured activity should increase this knowledge significantly.
41 citations
TL;DR: In these lines, Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra describes for her women the treatment they will receive in the theater if they allow themselves to be taken to Rome as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: IN THESE LINES, Shakespeare's Cleopatra describes for her women the treatment they will receive in the theater if they allow themselves to be taken to Rome. The speech was troublesome to Shakespeare's nineteenth-century editors, who were reluctant to read boy as a verb. Schmidt suggested that "Cleopatra-Boy" be read as a compound. Sprenger advised that boy be emended to bow. Most modern editors accept the passage without comment, and those critics who do discuss it vary widely in their assessments of its impact. Shakespeare's strategy in this speech is worth exploring, for it is daring to the point of recklessness, and it provides a major clue to his strategy in the play as a whole. The treatment Cleopatra anticipates at the hands of the Roman comedians is perilously close to the treatment she in fact received in Shakespeare's theater, where the word boy had an immediate and obvious application to the actor who spoke it. Insisting upon the disparity between dramatic spectacle and reality, implying the inadequacy of the very performance in which it appears, the speech threatens for the moment the audience's acceptance of the dramatic illusion. And the moment when the threat occurs is the beginning of Cleopatra's suicide scene-her and her creator's last chance to establish the tragic worth of the protagonists and their action. Recklessness, perhaps most apparent here, is in fact the keynote of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra: it is the characteristic not only of the love and the lovers the play depicts but also of its dramatic technique. The play seems perfectly calculated to offend the rising tide of neoclassical taste and to disappoint rational expectation. The episodic structure, with its multiplicity of tiny scenes ranging in setting from one end of the known world to the other, directly opposed the growing neoclassical demand for the Unities; and even in the twentieth century it has often seemed unsatisfactory. Most recent critics, of course, argue that the structure is necessary to do "justice to the dimensions of the heroic portrayal," to present the thematic conflict between Roman and Egyptian values, and to evoke a world where "time and place do not matter," since "the dimensions of the play are not temporal but eternal; not local but spatial."2 And these demonstrations are generally convincing. In the long run, the structural peculiarities reveal themselves as functional embodiments of the peculiar vision that informs the play. But in the short run they remain disturbing. The bewildering parade of tiny, scattered scenes requires explanation, as does the diffusion of the catastrophe through the last two acts. If the issue of the action is to unite the lovers in death, surely the wide separation between Antony's suicide and Cleopatra's is troublesome. Recklessness is apparent also in the language of the play, with its curious mixture of the most elevated Latinisms and. the coarsest contemporary slang, its mixed metaphors, its elliptical constructions, and its exuberant disregard for grammatical convention. That boy is a verb is no anomaly in a play where hearts can "spaniel" at Antony's heels and the moon can "disponge" the damp of night upon Enobarbus. Anthimeria, or "the substitution of one part of speech for another," was an accepted figure of Elizabethan rhetoric, but like all figures, it was held to be a vice if used excessively.3 Moreover, by the time Shakespeare wrote Antony and Cleopatra, the neoclassical demand for a style "pure and neat," "plaine and customary" was beginning to discredit the older fashion for rhetorical exuberance.4 The inconstancy of style may seem less problematical than the structural eccentricity, for it can be explained as characteristic of
TL;DR: The authors address the following three questions: What are the distinguishing features of apologiae, past and present, created for the mass media? What variables explain Edward Kennedy's recent failure to succeed with this genre? What implications does the Senator's failure have for future rhetorical discourses of this nature?
Abstract: This article addresses itself to the following three questions: What are the distinguishing features of apologiae, past and present, created for the mass media? What variables explain Edward Kennedy's recent failure to succeed with this genre? What implications does the Senator's failure have for future rhetorical discourses of this nature?
TL;DR: The mass media's capacity to create reality senes as the stimuli for rhetorical responses as discussed by the authors, and two categories of rhetorical activity are directly attributable to the influence of mass media: (1) that exacted by defects and problems in reality as it is created and shaped by media and (2) that actualed by sheer awareness on the part of the spokesmen and audiences that reality can be persuasively shaped, maintained, or altered by media.
Abstract: The mass media's capacity to create reality senes as the stimuli for rhetorical responses. Two categories of rhetorical activity are directly attributable to the influence of mass media: (1) that exacted by defects and problems in reality as it is created and shaped by media and (2) that exacted by sheer awareness on the part of the spokesmen and audiences that reality can be persuasively shaped, maintained, or altered by media. Each category of response poses special problems and dangers important to critics concerned with the functions of rhetoric and media.
TL;DR: In this paper, the rhetorical strategies of the action agents of the New Left in America are classified as: political revolutionary, cultural revolutionary, urban guerrilla, political anarchist, and superstar.
Abstract: This article classifies the rhetorical strategies of the action agents of the New Left in America. The author begins by describing the national scene in 1968 which led to a major shift from protest to militancy. He then lists the terms which characterize the ideology of the radical movement and unite its diverse elements. The key term which marks the change after 1968 is “revolutionary.” The five strategies which identify the movement are: political revolutionary, cultural revolutionary, urban guerrilla, political anarchist and superstar. The author then deals with each of these five in turn, providing a rationale for its strategy and offering some examples from recent history which epitomize that strategy in action. The author concludes that while different, the five strategies complement one another. He suggests that assessment of the effectiveness of the movement may consider any one of the five individually or in context with the others.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of these terms was rhetorical rather than historical, and it was frequently assumed that these terms are evidence of a very ancient level of the tradition quite apart from the literary sources in which they may be found.
Abstract: It has been frequently assumed in the past that these terms are evidence of a very ancient level of the tradition quite apart from the literary sources in which they may be found. The present investigation will call into question the correctness of this assumption and will suggest that certain ideological purposes often lie behind the employment of these terms; that is to say, the use of the terms was rhetorical rather than historical.
TL;DR: The Civile Conversation was a dominant contribution to the literature of manners in the Renaissance as discussed by the authors, but it was far more than a Courtesybook, it was a treatise that helped explain the rhetorical influence in Renaissance thought and the relationship of that influence to humanism.
Abstract: Stephano Guazzo's The Civile Conversation was a dominant contribution to the literature of manners in the Renaissance. The work, however, was far more than a Courtesybook. Guazzo's treatise helps explain the rhetorical influence in Renaissance thought and the relationship of that influence to humanism. A study of the rhetorical inheritance shows that Guazzo owed a substantial debt to classical theory and pedagogy, but it reveals also an extension of communication study to all aspects of life. A consideration of the humanistic impulse indicates that this extension emerges from a conception of man as communicator, a conception that expands upon some traditional notions concerning rhetoric and humanism in the Renaissance.
TL;DR: The notion of the "noble savage" has been related historically to the myth of the 'eloquent savage' as discussed by the authors, and it is likely to persist until it is explored by scholars who are trained in rhetorical criticism.
Abstract: The myth of the "noble savage" has been related historically to the myth of the "eloquent savage." Those testifying to the eloquence of Indian speech have included traders, travelers, missionaries, Indian agents, military men, historians and anthropologists. They have contributed unwittingly to the perpetuation of the idea of the "eloquent savage" even into the 20th century. This notion is likely to persist until it is explored by scholars who are trained in rhetorical criticism. They probably didn't plan it that way, but the perpetrators of the "noble savage" concept in 18th and 19th century America were doing the rhetorical criticism that more specialized rhetorical critics were ignoring. While the followers of the Rousseau point of view may have originally been the philosophers, as writing on the American Indian came to dominate such discussions other considerations took precedence. There is evidence to show that some of the earliest missionaries and traders had their own causes to consolidate. The early Jesuits were interested in proving that the Indian was redeemable under their terms, of course, and that they were doing a good job of redeeming him (Healy 1958:143 ff.). The traders were interested in showing how well they were getting along with the source of their supplies of valuable skins (Saum 1963:554 ff). Some of the early travelers were simply eager to show how very courageous they were in being able to survive in this country, so different from the Europe they knew. They alternated between admiration for the ease and simplicity of life which they envisioned every Indian enjoying and fear that they might very soon meet some tragic end. The explanation.given for the visit of Count de Pourtales, one of Washington Irving's companions on his western tour, is typical: It was quite the thing to do for those who could afford such an expensive time-consuming journey. America was a new and exciting 227 ETHNOHISTORY 19/3 (Summer 1972) This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Mon, 08 Aug 2016 04:27:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
01 Aug 1972
TL;DR: The background and theory of written composition and on rhetoric in a broad sense and various theories that are reflected in freshman composition courses and in the methodology of teaching the subject are presented.
Abstract: MF-$0.75 HC-$10.20 PLUS POSTAGE College Freshmen; *Composition (Literary); Composition Skills (Literary); Curriculum Development; Educational History; *English Instruction; *Literary History; *Rhetoric; *Teacher Education: Written Language Prepared at the University of Guam, this me.nual for preservice and inservice English teachers focuses on the background and theory of written composition and on rhetoric in a broad sense. It is divided into the following chapters: "Introduction," which covers definition and departments; "Composition and Rhetoric--A History"; "Arrangement," which concerns the ordering of discrete elements within a discourse; "Invention," which deals with the discovery of information and concepts and the formation of Relationships "Style," which embraces the techniques of framing effective sentences; "Issues in Written Composition," which presents various theories that are reflected in freshman composition courses and in the methodology of teaching the subject; and "Composition and the Curriculum," which examines trends, teacher training, teachers, views on composition, English projects, and the Anglo-American conference. (SW) U S °EPA'? 'WENT OF HEALTH. E DUCA ION I. WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION 'THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUFFO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POIA S OF VIEW Ok OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NEEL ,SARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY THE TEACHING OF COMPOSITION RHETORICAL PERSPECTIVES
TL;DR: The British Regency Crisis of 1788-89, in which Pittites and Foxites fought for office when George III went insane, saw political propagandists write eighty pamphlets for public consumption, pamphlets which illustrate inventional strategies.
Abstract: Rhetorical invention represents a significant problem for the propagandist assigned to produce public discourse during a protracted political controversy. What postures should he assume and how should he time his material? The British Regency Crisis of 1788–89, in which Pittites and Foxites fought for office when George III went insane, saw political propagandists write eighty pamphlets for public consumption, pamphlets which illustrate inventional strategies. Reportorial and argumentative stances were taken often in the early months, while judgmental (personal) and quasi‐poetic stances dominated the later portions of the dispute. Language intensity increased as the Crisis progressed.
TL;DR: The Industrial ("Coxey") Army movement of 1894 as mentioned in this paper was the product of one of America's worst depressions and groups across the nation attempted to take "A petition with boots on" to Washington, D. C. asking for relief of unemployment.
Abstract: The Industrial ("Coxey") Army movement of 1894 was the product of one of America's worst depressions. Groups across the nation attempted to take “A petition with boots on” to Washington, D. C. asking for relief of unemployment. The movement was rhetorical in method and object. As it progressed, it attempted to meet opposition arguments that its members were “tramps” and that it was asking for the impossible: guaranteed employment. Branded as radical, it answered its opponents with diverse rhetorical techniques and arguments rooted in the prevalent value system.
TL;DR: In this article, Rhetorical and communication studies: Two worlds or one? Western Speech: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 75-81, with a focus on the two worlds.
Abstract: (1972). Rhetorical and communication studies: Two worlds or one? Western Speech: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 75-81.
TL;DR: Through his philosophical concern for the development of an appropriately humane scientific mode of investigating the verbal, intellectual, and affective development of man, Giambattista Vico provides various historical, philological, and rhetorical means of inquiry which lend insight into similar epistemological questions and methodological tensions apparent in humanistic and scientific approaches to the theoretical study of rhetoric as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Through his philosophical concern for the development of an appropriately humane scientific mode of investigating the verbal, intellectual, and affective development of man, as well as through his anti‐Cartesian criticism of mathematical scien‐tism, Giambattista Vico provides various historical, philological, and rhetorical means of inquiry which lend insight into similar epistemological questions and methodological tensions apparent in humanistic and scientific approaches to the theoretical study of rhetoric today.
TL;DR: To the best of our knowledge, the authors is the only course devoted to the composition of so-called "expository" prose, some of which are devoted to rhetorical theory and the practice of rhetorical techniques.
Abstract: to misguided action, are, one hopes, to be replaced during the student's college studies by increased power to identify assumptions, perceive accurately and judge wisely what is important in his experiences, recognize and appraise options, determine the value of opinions and actions, and thus to respond more sensitively and constructively to the demands of adult and professional life. Courses in the composing of so-called "expository" prose, some of them devoted to the study of rhetorical theory and the practice of rhetorical techniques, appear frequently in curricula said to be devoted to these
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempt to clarify one of the basic terms in current philosophical thinking on rhetoric; "audience", which they call the audience, in order to understand any system of thought, rhetorical or philosophical, must first understand any terms basic to that particular system.
Abstract: To understand any system of thought, rhetorical or philosophical, we must first understand any terms basic to that particular system. This article is an attempt to clarify one of the basic terms in current philosophical thinking on rhetoric; “audience.”
TL;DR: The election eve address of Senator Edmund Muskie on November 2, 1970, provides a case study model for examining the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs.
Abstract: The election eve address of Senator Edmund Muskie on November 2, 1970, provides a case study model for examining the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address two more basic, interrelated questions: Underlying the welter of plans, programs, twists, turns, and inconsistencies in the revolutionary scenario, is there a foundation of beliefs, behavior, and institutions that might be deemed the Cuban political style?
Abstract: In the pages that follow I shall not indulge in detailed description or analysis of what the Cuban revolutionary government has tried to do or how it has gone about trying to do it. Rather, I shall address myself to two more basic, interrelated questions: Underlying the welter of plans, programs, twists, turns, and inconsistencies in the revolutionary scenario, is there a foundation of beliefs, behavior, and institutions that might be deemed the Cuban political style? (Style is used here in its dictionary sense of a "characteristic mode of presentation, construction, or execution…") If so, how does an appreciation of this style contribute to an understanding of programs and strategies as diverse as those undertaken by the revolutionaries over the past twelve years? We thus seek stylistic continuities which will aid in ordering the rhetorical and programmatic complexities with which all students of the Cuban Revolution must eventually come to grips. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.