Showing papers on "Rhetorical question published in 2000"

What's the use of 'triadic dialogue'?: an investigation of teacher-student interaction

Abstract: The fact that the spoken texts of classroom interaction -particularly those involving the teacher with the whole class- are co-constructed relatively smoothly, despite the number of participants involved, suggests that they are organized in terms of standard strategies, embodied in typical forms of discourse that have evolved for responding to recurring types of rhetorical situation (Miller 1984; Kamberelis 1995) That is to say that, like written texts, they can be thought of as being constructed according to one of a set of educational genre specifications One such rhetorical structure, the ubiquitous 'triadic dialogue' (Lemke 1990), also known as the IRE or IRF sequence (Mehan 1979; Sinclair and Coulthard 1975) It has attracted considerable attention in recent years, and has variously been seen as, on the one hand, essential for the co-construction of cultural knowledge (Heap 1985; Newman et al 1989) and, on the other, as antithetical to the educational goal of encouraging students' intellectual-discursive initiative and creativity (Lemke 1990; Wood 1992) Drawing on episodes of teacher-whole-class interaction collected during a collaborative action research project, this paper will show, however, that the same basic IRF structure can take a variety of forms and be recruited by teachers for a wide variety of functions, depending on the goal of the activity that the discourse serves to mediate and, in particular, on the use that is made of the follow-up move

Media and communication research methods : an introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches

Abstract: Part I: Getting Started Chapter 1: What Is Research? We All Do Research, All the Time Scholarly Research Is Different From Everyday Research Cultural Studies and Research Nietzsche on Interpretation Problem of Certainty Diachronic and Synchronic Research The Way the Human Mind Works Overt and Covert Oppositions Thinking Fast and Slow Quantity and Quality in Media Research Media and Communication Why a Book That Teaches Both Methodologies? Considering Research Topics What Is Research? Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 2: The Research Process Search Strategies Sources of Information How to Read Analytically Doing a Literature Review Primary and Secondary Research Sources Searching on the Internet or the Game of "Find the Info If You Can!" Analyzing Methodology in Research Articles The Research Process: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Part II: Methods of Textual Analysis Chapter 3: Semiotic Analysis Saussure's Division of Signs Into Signifiers and Signifieds Semiotics of Blondeness Semiotics and Society Peirce's Trichotomy: Icon, Index, and Symbol Allied Concepts Clotaire Rapaille on Culture Codes Semiotics in Society: A Reprise Syntagmatic Analysis of Texts Paradigmatic Analysis of Texts Skyfall: A Paradigmatic Analysis Applications of Semiotic Theory Paul Ekman on Facial Expression Semiotics: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 4: Rhetorical Analysis Aristotle on Rhetoric Rhetoric and the Mass Media A Brief Note on the Communication Process Certeau on Subversions by Readers and Viewers Applied Rhetorical Analysis A Miniglossary of Common Rhetorical Devices Other Considerations When Making Rhetorical Analyses A Sample Rhetorical Analysis: A Sea to Skin Advertisement Rhetorical Analysis of the Visual Image Images in Narrative Texts Rhetorical Analysis: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 5: Ideological Criticism Mannheim's Ideology and Utopia Defining Ideology Marxist Criticism Roland Barthes on Mythologies The Problem of Hegemony The Base and the Superstructure, False Consciousness, and the "Self-Made Man and Woman" Post-Soviet Marxist Criticism Basic Ideas in Marxist Criticism A Marxist Interpretation of the Fidji "Snake" Advertisement John Berger on Glamour Identity Politics Feminist Criticism of Media and Communication The Social Conception of Knowledge Phallocentric Theory: The Physical Basis of Male Domination Political Cultures, the Media, and Communication Pop Cultural and Media Preferences of the Four Political Cultures Marxist Perspectives on Social Media A Preview of Critical Discourse Analysis Ideological Criticism: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 6: Psychoanalytic Criticism Freud's Contribution Cell Phones and the Psyche: Applying the Theories of Erik Erikson Neuropsychoanalysis: Freud and Neuroscience Jungian Theory Psychoanalytic Criticism: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Part III: Qualitative Research Methods Chapter 7: Discourse Analysis Defining Discourse Analysis Teun A. Van Dijk on Discourse Analysis Spoken and Written Discourse Styles and Written Discourse Political Ideology and Discourse Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis Advertising and Critical Discourse Analysis Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of an Advertisement Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 8: Interviews The Prisoner Interviews Number Two What Is an Interview? Four Kinds of Research Interviews Why We Use Interviews How to Interview People Questions Investigative Reporters Ask The Structure of Conversations and Interviews Transcribing Tapes Making Sense of Transcribed Interviews Coding Problems With Interview Material Interviews: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 9: Historical Analysis What Is History? History as Metadiscipline or Specialized Subject Is History Objective, Subjective, or a Combination of the Two? Kinds of Historical Research The Problem of Writing History The Problem of Meaning Historical Periods Baudrillard and Jameson on Postmodernism Postmodernism and Historiography The Historical and the Comparative Approach History Is an Art, Not a Science Doing Historical Research Historical Analysis: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 10: Ethnomethodological Research Defining Ethnomethodology Boxed Insert on Ethnomethodology by Dirk Vom Lehn Garfinkel's Ingenious and Mischievous Research Using Ethnomethodology in Media and Communication Research Metaphors and Motivation Love Is a Game Humorists as Code Violators Techniques of Humor Ethnomethodology and the Communication Process Ethnomethodological Research: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 11: Participant Observation Defining Participant Observation Significant Considerations When Doing Participant Observation A Case Study of Participant Observation: Readers of Romance Novels Problems With Participant Observation Benefits of Participant Observation Studies Making Sense of Your Findings An Ethical Dilemma Ethics and Research Involving Humans Participant Observation: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Part IV: Quantitative Research Methods Chapter 12: Content Analysis Defining Content Analysis Why We Make Content Analyses Methodological Aspects of Content Analysis Aspects of Violence Advantages of Content Analysis as a Research Method Difficulties in Making Content Analyses Content Analysis Step by Step Content Analysis: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 13: Surveys Defining Surveys Kinds of Surveys: Descriptive and Analytic The VALS Typology Survey Methods of Data Collection Advantages of Survey Research Problems With Surveys Surveys and the 2012 Presidential Election A Note on Media Usage Surveys: Shares and Ratings Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Survey Questions Writing Survey Questions Making Pilot Studies to Pretest Surveys Conducting Online Surveys Samples Obtaining Random Samples Evaluating Survey Accuracy Surveys: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Notes Further Reading Chapter 14: Experiments Everyday Experimentation Defining Experiments The Structure of an Experiment The Hawthorne Effect Advantages of Experiments Disadvantages of Experiments The "Black Rats" Case and Experimental Fraud A Checklist on Experimental Design What's an Experiment and What Isn't? Experiments: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 15: A Primer on Descriptive Statistics with Felianka Kaftandjieva Levels of Measurement Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion The Normal or Bell-Shaped Curve The Problems With Ratings A Cautionary Note on Statistics Statistics and Comparisons Data on Media Use in America Smartphones The Problem of Interpretation Statistics: Applications and Exercises Conclusions Note Further Reading Part V: Putting It All Together Chapter 16: Nineteen Common Thinking Errors Common Fallacies Conclusions Further Reading Chapter 17: Writing Research Reports Keeping a Journal A Trick for Organizing Reports Outlines, First Drafts, and Revisions Writing Research Reports The IMRD Structure of Quantitative Research Reports Writing Correctly: Avoiding Some Common Problems Academic Writing Styles A Checklist for Planning Research and Writing Reports Conclusions Further Reading

Irony in Talk Among Friends

Abstract: This article reports the findings of a single study examining irony in talk among friends. Sixty-two 10-min conversations between college students and their friends were recorded and analyzed. Five main types of irony were found: jocularity, sarcasm, hyperbole, rhetorical questions, and understatements. These different forms of ironic language were part of 8% of all conversational turns. Analysis of these utterances revealed varying linguistic and social patterns and suggested several constraints on how and why people achieve ironic meaning. The implications of this conclusion for psychological theories of irony are discussed.

Traces Of A Stream: Literacy and Social Change Among African American Women

Abstract: "Traces of a Stream" offers a unique scholarly perspective that merges interests in rhetorical and literacy studies, United States social and political theory, and African American women writers. Focusing on elite nineteenth-century African American women who formed a new class of women well positioned to use language with consequence, Royster uses interdisciplinary perspectives (literature, history, feminist studies, African American studies, psychology, art, sociology, economics) to present a well-textured rhetorical analysis of the literate practices of these women. With a shift in educational opportunity after the Civil War, African American women gained access to higher education and received formal training in rhetoric and writing. By the end of the nineteenth-century, significant numbers of African American women operated actively in many public arenas.In her study, Royster acknowledges the persistence of disempowering forces in the lives of African American women and their equal perseverance against these forces. Amid these conditions, Royster views the acquisition of literacy as a dynamic moment for African American women, not only in terms of their use of written language to satisfy their general needs for agency and authority, but also to fulfill socio-political purposes as well."Traces of a Stream "is a showcase for nineteenth-century African American women, and particularly elite women, as a group of writers who are currently underrepresented in rhetorical scholarship. Royster has formulated both an analytical theory and an ideological perspective that are useful in gaining a more generative understanding of literate practices as a whole and the practices of African American women in particular. Royster tells a tale of rhetorical prowess, calling for alternative ways of seeing, reading, and rendering scholarship as she seeks to establish a more suitable place for the contributions and achievements of African American women writers.

The rhetorical parsing of unrestricted texts: a surface-based approach

Abstract: Coherent texts are not just simple sequences of clauses and sentences, but rather complex artifacts that have highly elaborate rhetorical structure. This paper explores the extent to which well-formed rhetorical structures can be automatically derived by means of surface-form-based algorithms. These algorithms identify discourse usages of cue phrases and break sentences into clauses, hypothesize rhetorical relations that hold among textual units, and produce valid rhetorical structure trees for unrestricted natural language texts. The algorithms are empirically grounded in a corpus analysis of cue phrases and rely on a first-order formalization of rhetorical structure trees.The algorithms are evaluated both intrinsically and extrinsically. The intrinsic evaluation assesses the resemblance between automatically and manually constructed rhetorical structure trees. The extrinsic evaluation shows that automatically derived rhetorical structures can be successfully exploited in the context of text summarization.

Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?

Abstract: After years of colonization, oppression, and resistance, American Indians are making clear what they want from the heretofore compromised technology of writing. Rhetorical sovereignty, a people’s control of its meaning, is found in sites legal, aesthetic, and pedagogical, and composition studies can both contribute to and learn from this work.

The Genre Function

Abstract: Uhe past fifteen years have witnessed a dramatic reconceptualization of genre and its role in the production and interpretation of texts and culture. Led in large part by scholars in functional and applied linguistics (Bhatia; Halliday; Kress; Swales), communication studies (Campbell; Jamieson; Yates), education (Christie; Dias; Medway), and, most recently, rhetoric and composition studies (Bazerman; Berkenkotter; Coe; Devitt; Freedman; Miller; and Russell), this movement has helped transform genre study from a descriptive to an explanatory activity, one that investigates not only text-types and classification systems, but also the linguistic, sociological, and psychological assumptions underlying and shaping these text-types. No longer structuring and classifying a mainly literary textual universe, as Northrop Frye (Anatomy of Criticism) and others in literary studies have traditionally suggested, genres have come to be defined as typified rhetorical ways communicants come to recognize and act in all kinds of situations, literary and nonliterary. As such, genres do not simply help us define and organize kinds of texts; they also help us define and organize kinds of social actions, social actions that these texts rhetorically make possible. It is this notion of genre that I wish to explore in this study in order to investigate the role that genre plays in the constitution not only of texts but of their contexts, including the identities of those who write them and those who are represented within them.

The Rhetoric of National Character: A Programmatic Survey

Abstract: This article studies the notion of “national character” as it is formulated in literature and as it influences literary praxis. Starting from the insights of image studies or “imagology” (a comparatist specialism developed over the last five decades, mainly in France and Germany), national thought, as one of the most pervasive and enduring cultural ideologies, should be critically and systematically studied in its literary manifestation. In order to propose an agenda for such a study, I survey the existing constructivist and structuralist literary practice, drawing two general conclusions: (1) It is possible to make an analytical distinction, based on cogent textual observation, between the discursive registers of factual reporting and stereotyping. That distinction revolves not only around the commonplace nature and intertextual dissemination of certain characterizations but also around the individual text’s strategies of characterization: the quasi-psychological (“character”-based) motivation that a given text may adduce for cultural patterns, and the way a text constructs salient features concerning a given nation as “typical” or “characteristic.” (2) “Deep structures” in national stereotyping, involving the construction of binaries around oppositional pairs such as North/South, strong/weak, and central/peripheral, should be addressed diachronically and historically. The end result of such (historically variable but unfalsifiable) stereotypical oppositions is that most imputed national characteristics will exhibit a binary nature, capable of attributing strongly contradictory characteristics to any given national group (“is a nation of contrasts”). I propose that national stereotyping be studied at a more fundamental level as a pattern of Janus-faced “imagemes,” stereotypical schemata characterized by their inherent temperamental ambivalence and capable of being triggered into different actual manifestations. On the basis of these insights, it must be possible to move from textual analysis and intertextual inventory to a pragmatic/rhetorical study of national characterization and national stereotyping, taking into account a text’s audience function. This ambition (i.e., to address the dynamics of national stereotyping as a historical, audience-oriented praxis rather than as a textual feature) raises a challenge of its own, largely revolving around the hermeneutic and/or historical distance between a text’s provenance and its audience; but some possible ways to address that challenge are also indicated.

Identity and Persuasion: How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures

Abstract: Identity struggles are once again a salient problem in world politics. This article aims to throw light on the sources, dynamics, and consequences of identity formation and mobilization. It makes two theoretical arguments. First, because collective memory is both a seemingly factual narrative and a normative assessment of the past, it shapes a group's intersubjective conceptions of strategic feasibility and political legitimacy. This is why collective identity is above all an expression of normative realism: a group's declaration to itself and to others about what it can or cannot do; what it will or will not do. Second, at critical junctures competing actors assert or contest the normative realism underlying collective identity. They do this through rhetorical politics, deploying their powers of persuasion in order to engage the constitutive elements of the group's shared identity. In practical terms, rhetorical politics is structured by a dominant frame: a historically shaped discursive formation that does two things. It articulates in readily accessible ways the fundamental notions a group holds about itself in the world and allows or disallows specific strategies of persuasion on the basis of their presumptive realism and normative sway. Within this frame, rhetorical politics engenders a collective field of imaginable possibilities: a restricted array of plausible scenarios about how the world can or cannot be changed and how the future ought to look. Though circumscribed, this field is vulnerable to endogenous shifts, precisely because actors' rhetorical struggles introduce conflicts over the descriptive and prescriptive limits of what is “realistically” possible. Such conflicts may in fact produce a new dominant rhetorical frame and profoundly influence a nation's political and economic development. Two contrasting cases from Latin America offer empirical support for these arguments. The article shows that the sharp developmental divergence between Costa Rica and Nicaragua can be properly understood only through close analytical scrutiny of the different rhetorical frames, fields of imaginable possibilities, and collective identities that rose to prominence at critical points in these countries' colonial and postcolonial histories.

Emotional Reactions to Verbal Irony

Abstract: We report the findings of 3 studies looking at people's emotional reactions to different kinds of ironic language (e.g., irony, sarcasm, overstatement, understatement, satire, rhetorical questions, and nonironic statements). The first experiment instructed the participants to rate their own emotional reaction, the second to rate the emotional state of the speaker, and the third to rate how the participants thought the speaker wished them to feel. The choice of a statement predictably affected addressees' emotions, especially when participants read irony, rhetorical questions, understatement, and nonironic statements. With sarcasm and satire, speakers may reveal their own emotions with little intention to affect addressees' emotions, and overstatements had a negative effect that speakers did not intend. Finally, detailed patterns show how, when, and which emotions are influenced by the various types of irony.

Rhetoric and poetics in antiquity

Abstract: This book offers a counter-traditional account of the history of both rhetoric and poetics. In reply to traditional rhetorical histories, which view "rhetoric" as an art of practical civic oratory, the book argues in four extended essays that epideictic-poetic eloquence was central, even fundamental, to the rhetorical tradition in antiquity. In essence, Walker's study accomplishes what in the world of rhetoric studies amounts to a revolution: he demonstrates that in antiquity rhetoric and poetry could not be viewed separately.

Students Writing in the University: Cultural and Epistemological Issues

Abstract: This volume aims to raise awareness of the underlying complexities concerning student writing in the universities. The authors address a series of theoretical as well as practical questions regarding the literacies required of students in Higher Education, from the perspective of both students themselves and of their tutors. The research described here intends to move beyond the narrow confines of current policy debates and the quick fix solutions of writing manuals, to explore the epistemological, cultural, historical and theoretical bases of such writing. Issues addressed include the nature of competing epistemologies that underlie the writing process and the varying degrees of explicitness about what academic writing entails; ways of challenging the institutional marginalisation of academic writing as teaching, learning, and research practice; what counts as knowledge and how far it is mediated by the rhetorical conventions of one culture; to what extent the challenging of such rhetorical conventions is itself a crucial epistemological issue. Writing, in this volume, then, is addressed in terms of academic literacy practices involving relations of power, issues of identity and theories of knowledge.

Institutional Critique: A Rhetorical Methodology for Change

Abstract: We offer institutional critique as an activist methodology for changing institutions. Since institutions are rhetorical entities, rhetoric can be deployed to change them. In its effort to counter oppressive institutional structures, the field of rhetoric and composition has focused its attention chiefly on the composition classroom, on the department of English, and on disciplinary forms of critique. Our focus shifts the scene of action and argument to professional writing and to public discourse, using spatial methods adapted from postmodern geography and critical theory.

Investigating the thinking processes of eighth grade writers during the composition of a scientific laboratory report

Abstract: This study examined the thinking processes used by 16 eighth grade science writers during laboratory report writing and explored the possibility that writing can contribute directly to science learning. Using Bereiter and Scardamalia's (1987) knowledge-transformation model of writing as a theoretical lens, the study characterized specific content and rhetorical thinking engaged in by the students using think-aloud protocols and qualitative data analysis methodologies. Thinking aloud was also related to the quality of the students' written products. Five of the 16 students exhibited no mental reflection during writing, recording information straight from memory into the composition. Two students engaged primarily in rhetorical planning, specifying the sequencing and organization of their writing in advance. Nine students demonstrated scientific problem solving including hypothesis and evidence generation, examining patterns in the data, and making general knowledge claims in response to the need to generate content for writing, indicating that the act of report writing can stimulate science learning directly. However, thinking during writing was not necessary to compose a report that contained hypotheses and supporting evidence. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 676–690, 2000

Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

Abstract: Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, by J. Louis Martyr. AB 33A. New York: Doubleday,1997. Pp. xxiv + 614. $39.95. Ernst Kasemann appended a lengthy footnote to his essay on "Justification and Salvation History in the Epistle to the Romans," in which he declared: Friends and opponents must be tested against the question whether they only feel able to talk about the lordship of Christ as a mythological, mystical or metaphysical figure of speech. Precisely that is the kernel of the dispute about whether God's righteousness means in Paul solely and exclusively the gift conferred on us or whether it also means the power of salvation which reaches out towards us. . . . That God's grace and righteousness relate to the world and intend a new creation, not merely a number of believing individuals, seems to me to be an irrelinquishable truth if the Christian proclamation is to be anything more than merely private piety. (Perspectives on Paul [Philadelphia: Fortress,1971], 77-78) J. Louis Martyr's superb commentary on Galatians carries forward the passionate hermeneutical program of Kasemann, to whom the commentary is dedicated. Martyr produces a thoroughgoing reading of Galatians as Paul's proclamation of the apocalyptic gospel of God's gracious power reaching out to claim the world. The result is a work of provocative scholarship, unmatched in its penetrating insight and theological depth by any NT commentary of our generation. One thing that particularly distinguishes this commentary is the thoroughness with which Martyr has thought through every line of Galatians, seeking to hear the nuances of Paul's language as the first hearers might have understood it. Martyr suggests that to interpret this ancient text we must project ourselves imaginatively into the world of the original addressees and "take a seat in one of the Galatian congregations, in order-as far as possible-to listen to the letter with Galatian ears" (p. 42). To perform this sort of "listening requires the interpreter to exercise two skills simultaneously: disciplined historical-philological inquiry and responsive literary empathy. Martyr is a master of both-as previously demonstrated in his influential reconstructive work on the Johannine community in History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel-and he admirably achieves his goal of producing a reading that is "both scientific and empathetic." Analyzing Paul's bitter response to the work of the Christian-Jewish missionaries (whom Martyr calls "the Teachers") who were urging the Galatians to accept circumcision and Torah-observance, Martyr brings to life the tense drama that must have been played out when the letter was first read in the churches of Galatia. Much of the agenda for the interpretation of Galatians during the past twenty years has been set by Hans Dieter Betz's Hermeneia commentary (1979), which analyzed the letter against the backdrop of Greco-Roman rhetoric and philosophy (see, e.g., the more recent commentaries of R. N. Longenecker and B. Witherington, which seek in various ways to correct, refine, and expand upon Betz's analysis of the rhetorical structure). While Martyr acknowledges his debts to Betz and grants that "the letter does in fact reflect Paul's training in rhetoric," his own commentary pursues a different tack, for "the oral communication for which the letter is a substitute would have been an argumentative sermon preached in the context of a service of worship-and thus in the acknowledged presence of God-not a speech made by a rhetorician in a courtroom" (pp. 20-21). Consequently, the letter must be understood as "the reproclamation of the gospel in the form of an evangelistic sermon" (p. 22). Martyr concentrates on expositing the theological content of this sermon and assessing its likely impact in its historical setting. A distinctive formal feature of this commentary is its inclusion of fifty-two "Comments, extended essays that develop particular topics identified in the running notes on the text, treating matters both historical (e. …

Rhetoric and Dialectic from the Standpoint of Normative Pragmatics

Abstract: Normative pragmatics can bridge the differences between dialectical and rhetorical theories in a way that saves the central insights of both. Normative pragmatics calls attention to how the manifest strategic design of a message produces interpretive effects and interactional consequences. Argumentative analysis of messages should begin with the manifest persuasive rationale they communicate. But not all persuasive inducements should be treated as arguments. Arguments express with a special pragmatic force propositions where those propositions stand in particular inferential relations to one another. Normative pragmatics provides a framework within which varieties of propositional inference and pragmatic force may be kept straight. Normative pragmatics conceptualizes argumentative effectiveness in a way that integrates notions of rhetorical strategy and rhetorical situation with dialectical norms and procedures for reasonable deliberation. Strategic effectiveness should be seen in terms of maximizing the chances that claims and arguments will be reasonably evaluated, whether or not they are accepted. Procedural rationality should be seen in terms of adjustment to the demands of concrete circumstances. Two types of adjustment are illustrated: rhetorical strategies for framing the conditions for dialectical deliberation and rhetorical strategies for making do with limitations to dialectical deliberation.

RSTTool 2.4 - A markup Tool for Rhetorical Structure Theory

Abstract: RSTTool is a graphical tool for annotating a text in terms of its rhetorical structure. The demonstration will show the various interfaces of the tool, focusing on its ease of use.

A Rhetorical Perspective on the Values of Public Relations: Crossroads and Pathways Toward Concurrence

Abstract: A rhetorical perspective on public relations draws on the rich rhetorical heritage of Western civilization that originated with the writings of ancient Greeks and Romans. This heritage offers rationale for the ethical practice of public relations. It explains how public relations participates in the creation and implementation of value perspectives that shape society. It supports the practice of public relations in the marketplace and public policy arena, where values are brought to bear on economic and sociopolitical matters. The rhetorical heritage of public relations features the role of public discourse through which ideas are contested, issues are examined, and decisions are made collaboratively. In this way, concurrence is achieved to guide personal and societal decisions.

Selling the Free Market: The Rhetoric of Economic Correctness

Abstract: Introduction: How the Right Triumphed. Rhetoric, Economics, and Problems of Method. The Rhetoric-Economics Connection: Rhetorical Strategies of Economic Analysis. Economic Rhetoric and the Realist Style (or, There Ain't No Such Thing as a Free Lunch) What Libertarians Want Checking Ayn Rand's Premises, Or, The Revenge of the Nerds. Anarchy, State, and Utopia: A Rhetorical Reading. What Libertarians Want, According to Murray Rothbard and Charles Murray. The Struggle over Reagan's Free Market Legacy. From Reagan to Buchanan: National Glory and Globalization. Newt Gingrich, Cyberpunk, and Globalization. Conclusion: The Market and Human Happiness. An Appendix for Academics: On Deirdre McCloskey's Rhetoric of Economics.

Reproducing civil rights tactics: The rhetorical performances of the civil rights memorial

Abstract: The authors offer a reading of the Civil Rights Memorial (Maya Lin, Montgomery, Alabama, 1989) as a set of rhetorical performances that reproduce the tactical dimensions of Civil Rights Movement protests of the 1950s and 1960s. Their reading attempts to counter the reading ofAbramson who claims for the Memorial a conservative political stance. Specifically, they argue that, while the Memorial reproduces the tactics of the Civil Rights Movement, it argues for a break with the past in its visual proffer of a politics of difference and a critique of whiteness.

Standing on the Shoulders of Ancients: Consumer Research, Persuasion, and Figurative Language

Abstract: Ours is an age of consumerism, and the study of persuasion is a central topic of consumer research. Over time our knowledge of most persuasive topics has grown, but on a few topics knowledge has been lost. One lost topic is the persuasion effect of using figurative language (tropes, rhetorical figures) in communications, which had been a popular issue in earlier ages of persuasion but in our own era has been largely ignored. This neglect can be corrected by our “standing on the shoulders of ancients” and exploiting the progress made during earlier rhetorical ages in identifying and classifying tropes and hypothesizing how inclusion of such rhetorical figures affects perceptions and impacts of communications. A program of research on the effects of figurative language is described as an example of how giving greater consideration to ancient wisdom can enhance our understanding of persuasive communication and consumer behavior, especially in the creative hypothesis‐generating phase of research.

Integrating Rhetorical and Literary Theories of Genre.

Abstract: hile many scholars have addressed the critical issues of whether English can or should hang together as a field politically, economically, and culturally, I address in this article the issue of whether we in English studies can hang together topically—that is, whether we can see ourselves as sharing a common object of study. It is obvious that different subdisciplines of English have different methodologies, from hermeneutic to social scientific, that raise different questions and are based in different ideologies. If these subdisciplines have no more in common with one another than do the studies of history and literature, or philosophy and composition, or psychology and linguistics, then the question of whether English constitutes a discipline is strictly a political question and need only be discussed in political terms, a question answerable in terms of political expediency or public perception more than in terms of disciplinarity. If, however, the fields of literature, linguistics, and rhetoric-composition share more in common with one another than they do with other disciplines, then a greater argument can be made that we in English should work to maintain our connections, for our different methodologies and questions can complement and contribute to one another’s research and teaching. What we in English would seem to have in common is the study of discourse, especially of text, although the definition of “text” varies. If that common object of study is significant, then our separate examinations of it should combine to create greater understanding of the complexity of reading and writing. To examine that claim, I will compare and attempt to integrate the scholarship on one part of

Rhetorical Analysis Within a Pragma-Dialectical Framework

Abstract: The paper reacts against the strict separation between dialectical and rhetorical approaches to argumentation and argues that argumentative discourse can be analyzed and evaluated more adequately if the two are systematically combined. Such an integrated approach makes it possible to show how the opportunities available in each of the dialectical stages of a critical discussion have been used strategically to further the rhetorical aims of the speaker or writer. The approach is illustrated with the help of an analysis of an `advertorial' published by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

Detour and Access: Strategies of Meaning in China and Greece

Abstract: An exploration of the central role of indirect modes of expression in ancient China.In what way do we benefit from speaking of things indirectly? How does such a distancing allow us better to discover-and describe-people and objects? How does distancing produce an effect? What can we gain from approaching the world obliquely? In other words, how does detour grant access? Thus begins Francois Jullien's investigation into the strategy, subtlety, and production of meaning in ancient and modern Chinese aesthetic and political texts and events. Moving between the rhetorical traditions of ancient Greece and China, Jullien does not attempt a simple comparison of the two civilizations. Instead, he uses the perspective provided by each to gain access into a culture considered by many Westerners to be strange-"It's all Chinese to me"-and whose strangeness has been eclipsed through the assumption of its familiarity. He also uses the comparison to shed light on the role of Greek thinking in Western civilization. Jullien rereads the major texts of Chinese thought-The Book of Songs, Confucius's Analects, and the work of Mencius and Lao-Tse. He addresses the question of oblique, indirect, and allusive meaning in order to explore how the techniques of detour provide access to subtler meanings than are attainable through direct approaches. Indirect speech, Jullien concludes, yields a complex mode of indication, open to multiple perspectives and variations, infinitely adaptable to particular situations and contexts. Concentrating on that which is not said, or which is spoken only through other means, Jullien traces the benefits and costs of this rhetorical strategy in which absolute truth is absent.

Lend Me Your Ear: Rhetorical Constructions of Deafness

Abstract: The tradition of rhetoric established 2,500 years ago emphasizes the imperative of speech as a defining characteristic of reason. But in her new book "Lend Me Your Ear," Brenda Jo Brueggemann exposes this tradition s effect of disallowing deaf people human identity because of their natural silence. Brueggemann s assault upon this long-standing rhetorical conceit is both erudite and personal; she writes both as a scholar and as a hard-of-hearing woman. In this broadly based study, she presents a profound analysis and understanding of this rhetorical tradition s descendent disciplines (e.g., audiology, speech/language pathology) that continue to limit deaf people. Next to this even-handed scholarship, she juxtaposes a volatile emotional counterpoint achieved through interviews with Deaf individuals who have faced rhetorically constructed restrictions, and interludes of her own poetry and memoirs. The energized structure of "Lend Me Your Ear" galvanizes new thought on the rhetoric surrounding Deaf people by posing basic questions from a rhetorical context: How is deafness constructed as a disability, pathology, or culture through the institutions of literacy education and science/technology, and how do these constructions fit with those of deaf people themselves? The rhetoric of deafness as pathology is associated with the conventional medical and scientific establishments, and literacy education fosters deafness as disability, both dependent upon the premise that speech drives communication. This kinetic study demands consideration of deafness in terms of the rhetoric of Deaf culture, American Sign Language (ASL), and the political activism of Deaf people. Brueggemann argues strenuously and successfully for a reevaluation of the speech model of rhetoric in light of the singular qualities of ASL poetry, a genre that adds the dimension of space and is not disembodied. Ironically, without a word being spoken or printed, ASL poetry returns to the fading, prized oral tradition of poets such as Homer. The speech imperative in traditional rhetoric also fails to present rhetorical forms for listening, or a rhetoric of silence. These and other break-out concepts introduced in "Lend Me Your Ear" that will stimulate scholars and students of rhetoric, language, and Deaf studies to return to this intriguing work again and again."

Variation in rhetorical moves in grant proposals of US humanists and scientists

Abstract: Grant proposals are a significant part of professional writing. Described as 'the most basic form of scientific writing' (Myers 1990: 41), they are the key to obtaining research funding and support for professional activity. Recently, grant proposals have been included among promotional genre studies by applied linguists, and moves' have been suggested for the rhetorical structures in the texts of EU grant proposals (Connor and Mauranen, 1999). The present study uses these moves to analyze rhetorical variation in 14 research grant proposals written by five humanities and science researchers for US government and private funders. The major purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy with which the moves were identified with the writers; the use of the moves among the five different disciplines and by male and female writers was also studied. Text-based interviews were conducted with the writers following the text analysis of grant proposals. The results showed that the system of moves was clear and meaningful to the researcher-writers, but that US grant proposals required an additional 'institutional commitment' claim, a hypothesis statement in addition to goals, and more metatextual transitional statements than the proposals in the earlier EU study

Playing the corporate language game: an investigation of the genres and discourse strategies in English used by Dutch writers working in multinational corporations

Abstract: 1 Introduction 1.1 The use of English in the Netherlands 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 Needs analysis surveys 1.2.2 Ethnographic accounts 1.2.3 Genre studies of organisational communication 1.2.4 Cross-cultural and intercultural discourse 1.3 The study 1.3.1 Research aims 1.3.2 Analytical framework 1.3.3 Research methods and respondents 1.4 Overview of the study 2 Literature review 2.1 Social constructionism 2.2 Genre 2.3 Structuration 2.4 Conclusion 3 Analytical framework 3.1 Context and situation 3.2 Genre characteristics 3.3 The analysis of discourse 3.4 Conclusion 4 Contextual factors affecting the use of written English within British subsidiaries in the Netherlands 4.1 The relevance of corporate culture 4.2 The relevance of corporate activity 4.3 Operationalisation of contextual factors 4.3.1 Factors related to corporate culture 4.3.2 Factors related to corporate activity 4.3.3 Additional communication patterns 4.4 The survey 4.4.1 The respondents 4.4.2 Results and discussion 4.5 Summary and conclusions 5 Genres used by Dutch writers at British subsidiary companies 5.1 The corpus of documents 5.1.1 General characteristics 5.1.2 Participants 5.1.3 Communicative goals, substance and structure 5.2 Recurrent situations, exigences and rhetorical action 5.2.1 Communication with Head Office and internally 5.2.2 Communication with other subsidiaries, service providers and customers 5.2.3 Summary of findings 5.3 Conclusion 6 Discourse strategies used by Dutch writers at British subsidiary companies 6.1 Detailed analysis of genre I 6.1.1 Data selection 6.1.2 Medium and layout 6.1.3 Discourse structure: moves and strategies 6.2 Rhetorical strategies 6.2.1 Intertextuality 6.2.2 Interpersonal strategies 6.3 Conclusion 7 Genres and discourse strategies used by Dutch and British writers in internal e-mail communication 7.1 Previous studies on the use of electronic media 7.1.1 The use of different media by corporations 7.1.2 E-mail as a genre of organisational communication 7.2 Data and data collection 7.3 Findings and discussion 7.3.1 Message types, participants and code 7.3.2 Situations, actions, substance and form 7.3.3 Discourse: Textualisations, organisation and strategies 7.4 Conclusion 8 Conclusion 8.1 The genres and discourse strategies used by Dutch writers in English 8.1.1 Context 8.1.2 Situation 8.1.3 Genre 8.1.4 Discourse 8.1.5 Summary of findings 8.2 Limitations of the study and suggestion for further research 8.3 The implications of the study for research into organisational discourse 8.4 The implications of the study for the teaching of business English Notes References Appendix 1: Questionnaire 1 Appendix 2: Questionnaire 2

Language, Identity, Performance

Abstract: The identity test imposed by the Gileadites on the Ephraimite fugitives at the passages of Jordan suggests that the recognition of ways and means of speaking as indices of social categories has a venerable history. After the passage of several millenia, much the same associational understanding of the relationship between language and identity employed to such violent ends by the Gileadites guides the contemporary - and one would hope more benign line of sociolinguistic inquiry that centers on the investigation of ethnicity or region or gender or age or occupation as “sociolinguistic variables” (see, e.g., Coulmas 1997). The addition of a third term, performance, to the nexus of language and identity, however, occasions a reorientation of analytical perspective. If we take performance in the sense of linguistic practice - situated, interactional, communicatively motivated - our investigative focus shifts from correlational sociolinguistics to the pragmatically oriented exploration of “when and how identities are interactively invoked by sociocultural actors” through the discursive deployment of linguistic resources (Kroskrity 1993: 222). In this perspective, identity is an emergent construction, the situated outcome of a rhetorical and interpretive process in which interactants make situationally motivated selections from socially constituted repertoires of identificational and affiliational resources and craft these semiotic resources into identity claims for presentation to others. This is clearly a productive line of inquiry, and one to which all of the contributors to this issue would subscribe. While acknowledging and exploiting the analytical power of this practice-centered perspective, however, the authors of the papers collected here have taken an additional step into less well charted investigative territory, guided by a more marked conception of verbal performance. Here, performance is understood as a special mode of situated communicative practice, resting on the assumption of accountability to an audience for a display of communicative skill and efficacy. In this sense of performance, the act of expression is put on display, objectified, marked out to a degree from its discursive surroundings and opened up to interpretive scrutiny and evaluation by an audience. Performance foregrounds form-functionmeaning interrelationships through verbal display (Bauman 1977; Hymes 1975). The six casestudies that follow suggest some of the ways that an orientation to this mode of performance

A War of Words in the Discourse of Trade: The Rhetorical Constitution of Metaphor

Abstract: This study by Phillip Eubanks challenges traditional accounts of metaphor and significantly expands theories of "conceptual" metaphor by examining Trade Is War metaphor as it occurs in concrete discourseAlthough scholarly interest in metaphor as an aesthetic, linguistic, and cognitive phenomenon has long endured, Eubanks is among the first to consider metaphor in its sociohistorical role Questioning major accounts of metaphor from Aristotle to the present, Eubanks argues that metaphor is not just influenced by but actually is "constituted" by its concrete operation Far-reaching in its implications for our understanding of metaphor, Eubanks s premise enables us to see metaphor as a sweeping rhetorical entity even as it accounts for the more localized operations of metaphor of interest to linguists, philosophers of language, and cognitive scientists Providing a new model of metaphoric functioning, Eubanks reconsiders the most promising account of metaphor to date, the notion of "conceptual metaphor Eubanks focuses on the conceptual metaphor Trade Is Wara metaphor found wherever people discuss business and commerceto develop his rhetorical model of metaphor He analyzes Trade Is War as it occurs in the print news media, on television discussion shows, in academic works, in popular nonfiction and novels, in historic economic commentary, and in focus group talk While these examples do reveal a rich variety in the make-up of Trade Is War, much more than mere variety is at stakeTrade Is War is implicated in an extended and rhetorically complex conversation with other metaphors and literal concepts: "trade is peace," Trade Is a Game, Trade Is Friendship, Trade is a Journey, and Markets Are Containers The recognition and analysis of this constituting conversation furthers a reevaluation theory What also emerges, however, is a valuable portrait of the discourse of trade itself, a discourse that depends importantly upon a responsive interchange of metaphors"""

Scientific Controversies: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives

Abstract: Traditionally it has been thought that scientific controversies can always be resolved on the basis of empirical data. Recently, however, social constructionists have claimed that the outcome of scientific debates is strongly influenced by non-evidential factors such as the rhetorical prowess and professional clout of the participants. This volume of previously unpublished essays by well-known philosophers of science presents historical studies and philosophical analyses that undermine the plausibility of an extreme social constructionist perspective while also indicating the need for a richer and more realistic account of scientific rationality.