Showing papers on "Sawdust published in 1999"

Influence of the Moisture Content on the Composition of the Liquid Smoke Produced in the Pyrolysis Process of Fagus sylvatica L. Wood

Abstract: The pyrolysis of several samples of sawdust of Fagus sylvatica L. wood with different moisture contents was carried out, keeping all other smoke generation parameters constant. However, parameters such as smoke production length and maximum temperature reached were affected by the moisture content of the sample and varied in the different pyrolytic runs. The acidity and the composition of the liquid smokes obtained were determined, this latter by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The acidity and composition of the liquid smoke produced were affected not only by the moisture content of the sawdust sample but also by the smoke generation length and by the temperature of the process. The highest yields in components were produced from samples with low moisture content that underwent a short pyrolytic process. Some compounds, with important properties from an organoleptic and preservative point of view, were not generated from samples with high moisture content. Equations that closely relate yield of the total components or of groups of components or of individual components with parameters such as moisture content, length of the process, and temperature were obtained; these equations predict yield data of liquid smoke components with a satisfactory degree of approximation.

Biodegradation of nonlignocellulosic substances II: physical and chemical properties of sawdust before and after use as artificial soil

Abstract: The physical properties of sawdust including porosity, water retention, and water drainage were analyzed to prove its suitability for use as an artificial soil in the automatic decomposer-extinguisher (GADE) machine. The physical and chemical properties of residual sawdust from the GADE machine were also analyzed, the mechanical abrasion of sawdust in the GADE machine was tested, and the morphology of this residue was observed through a scanning electron microscope to investigate changes of these properties in the medium of decomposing garbage. Sawdust, which showed a lower specific gravity and larger porosity than soil, is considered capable of supplying air to bacteria. It was found that sawdust became worn from the operation of the machine. The spaces of residual sawdust were still observed, but water drainage decreased. The portion of hollocellulose in residual sawdust decreased, although the extractives in it increased. Results indicated that the capacity of sawdust to function as an artificial soil in the GADE machine was decreased owing not only to the destruction of sawdust grain but also to the adherence of products from decomposition, such that sawdust needed to be replaced every few months.

Effects of hardwood sawdust in potting media containing biosolids compost on plant growth, fertilizer needs, and nitrogen leaching

Abstract: Biosolids compost is used in media to grow potted plants. Nitrogen (N) in media leachate may contribute to nitrate (NO3‐N) contamination of surface or ground water. Addition of sawdust to potting media containing biosolids compost will increase the carbon (C) to nitrogen ratio and could prevent N leaching without adversely affecting plant growth. A control medium containing 0% sawdust (v/v), 30% perlite, 50% municipal biosolids compost, and 20% sand was modified to contain either 10, 20, or 30% (v/v) fresh hardwood sawdust. The sawdust replaced either 1/3, 2/3, or all of the perlite in the control medium. Slow release fertilizer, slow plus quick release fertilizer, or no fertilizer was added to each of the four media to determine how the sawdust affected fertilizer needs. Coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora L.) and Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta L. ’Goldstrum') were grown in pots for five months. Leachate was tested for NO3‐N and ammonium N (NH4‐N). Increasing amounts of sawdust produced no differences ...

Biodegradation of nonlignocellulosic substances I: system for complete decomposition of garbage using sawdust and aerobic soil bacteria

Abstract: A system for effective garbage decomposition using sawdust and aerobic soil bacteria was examined. The machinery used in this process, the garbage automatic decomposer-extinguisher (GADS), is composed of a container with an automatic mechanical mixer and a drain for liquid formed by the decomposition of garbage. The aerobic soil bacteria, cultivated in sawdust, degrades garbage within the container. The GADE machine, containing 4kg of sawdust, totally decomposed 59.75 kg of garbage within 3 months (0.66 kg/day). Constant temperature, pH level, and moisture content of the matrix throughout the experimental period suggested stable degrading action. The residual sawdust and drainage water from the GADE machine were converted to fertilizers or soil conditioners (GADE compost) by the garbage decomposition process. Neither inhibited germination or growth of three test crops: komatsuna, Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris), hatsukadaikon, radish (Raphanus sativus L. var.radicula), and bisai (Raphanus sp.).

Sorption characteristics of As(III) on surface-modified sawdust carbon

Abstract: Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to estimate potentiality of lanthanum impregnated sawdust carbon in removing As(III) from aqueous solution. The As(III) removal was found to be function of agitation time, initial concentration, pH and temperature. The process follows first - order kinetics and endothermic in nature. For an initial concentration of 100 mg/L the uptake of As(III) increases from 7.2 to 80.2% with increase in pH from 1.0 to 12.0. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to represent the experimental data. Anions such as Cl - , NO 3 - , CH 3 COO - , ClO - 4 , CO 3 2- and PO 4 3- have no interference in the removal process. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the feasibility of the process. Removal of As(III) by the adsorbent is also tested using synthetic wastewater. Treatment of the exhausted lanthanum impregnated sawdust carbon with 15% H 2 O 2 in 0.2 M HNO 3 removed 94.4% of the sorbed As(III).

Moulded fuel, variants, and methods for producing the same

Abstract: 1 Moulded fuel based on a dried mixture of ground solid fuels and of a binder containing waste from the crude-oil processing industry such as oil sludge and/or recycled engine oil, characterized in that the binder further comprises components selected from the following group (in % relative to the weight of the mixture): from 2 to 7 % of lignosulphonate or molasses and/or from 3 to 8 % of dehydrated activated sludge and/or from 3 to 10 % of clay and/or from 1 to 6 % of paraffin or raw paraffin with the following ratio of components in % by weight: binder 10-32 dried mixture of ground solid fuel from the group: wood sawdust, peat, dehydrated manure, dehydrated bird litter, coke or coal fines, coal sludge, lignin or mixtures thereof remaining 2 The moulded fuel based on a dried mixture of ground solid fuels and of concentrated sludge from wastewater processing plants, characterized in that comprises concentrated sludge having water content between 5 and 14 % with the following ratio of components in % by weight: concentrated sludge having water content between 5 and 14 % 13-38 dried mixture of ground solid fuel from the group: wood or vegetal waste, lignin, peat, coke or coal fines, textile waste or mixtures thereof remaining 3 A method for producing moulded fuel according to claim 1, which involves mixing the ground solid fuel with the binder based on waste from the crude-oil processing industry such as oil sludge and/or recycled engine oil, moulding the mixture and drying the mouldings, characterized in that the binder further comprises components selected from the following group (in % relative to the weight of the mixture): from 2 to 7 % of lignosulphonate or molasses and/or from 3 to 8 % of dehydrated activated sludge and/or from 3 to 10 % of clay and/or from 1 to 6 % of paraffin or raw paraffin with the following ratio of components in % by weight: binder 10-32 % and dried mixture of ground solid fuel from the group: wood sawdust, peat, dehydrated manure, dehydrated bird litter, coke or coal fines, coal sludge, lignin or mixtures thereof remaining %, the mixture is moulded under a pressure of between 1 and 30 MPa and the mouldings are further dried at a temperature of not less than 300 degree C 4 The method for producing moulded fuel according to claim 2, which involves mixing the ground solid fuel with the concentrated sludge from waste water processing plants, moulding the mixture and drying the mouldings, characterized in that the comprises mixing concentrated sludge having water content between 70 and 80%, the mixture is moulded under a pressure of between 01 and 25 MPa and the mouldings are further dried at a temperature of 50-180 degree C for a duration of 15 to 04 hours or said mouldings are dried at room temperature for a duration of 5 to 30 hours with the following ratio of components in % by weight: concentrated sludge having water content between 5 and 14 % - 13-38%, dried mixture of ground solid fuel from the group: wood or vegetal waste, lignin, peat, coke or coal fines, textile waste or mixtures thereof - remaining % 5 The moulded fuel according to claim 2, characterized in that further comprises up to 1-40% of oil sludge and/or recycled engine oil and/or fat residues 6 The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the components of the binder are mixed prior to be mixed with the ground solid fuel 7 The method according to claim 3 and 6, characterized in that prior to mixing the components of the binder are heated to 60-80 degree C or mixed with heating to 60-80 degree C 8 The method according to claim 3, 6 and 7, characterized in that the ground solid fuel is preliminarily mixed with half of oil sludge and/or recycled engine and further add the rest components of the binder 9 The method according to claim 4, characterized in that after drying the mouldings are sprayed with or dipped into liquid heated oil sludge or recycled engine oil, and/or paraffin or raw paraffin, and/or fat residues up they reach 10-40 wt % in the moulded fuel

Odorless fermentation treatment of excreta of domestic animal

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a high-quality organic fertilizer, by mixing feces and urine having a high water content such as pig feces and urine and cow feces and urine to bother a person by odor nuisance with a water adjusting material comprising coffee grounds as a main raw material, sawdust, small pieces of wood, rice bran, etc., with stirring and deodorizing and fermenting the mixture to carry out nonpollution treatment. SOLUTION: Pig faces and urine having 60% to 80% water content are sprayed on coffee grounds, sawdust, small pieces of wood, rice bran, etc., having a low water content so as to make the water content about 60% for reason fermentation, mixed and stirred to fermentate. The fermentation temperature reaches 65 deg.C in 10 hours to 18 hours after mixing, water is evaporated, a water content is dropped and a temperature is lowered. Then the spraying of feces and urine, stirring and aeration are repeated. The spraying of faces and urine is stopped after about 60 days to 90 days. After the temperature is dropped to 40 deg.C, the fermented material is discharged, stirred again and water is evaporated to give a dried organic fertilizer.

Organosolv pulping. VIII. Formic acid delignification of Pinus radiata D. Don

Abstract: The aim of this study was to optimize the organosolv cooking system involving formic acid as a cooking agent. The wood raw material used was Pinus radiata D. Don sawdust and the cooks were performed on a small scale using 3 g o.d. sawdust in 100 mL of solvent. The effects of solvent ratio and catalyst on delignification were studied in order to optimize the process. A delignification yield of 65% was afforded with the sawdust, the cellulosic material exhibiting 90.5% cellulose, 1.2% hemicellulose and 8.3% Klason lignin, catalyzed with 0.018% of HCl. Several delignification parameters were studied; among them, presoaking with NaHCO 3 of Pinus radiata chips catalyzed with 0.018% HCI at 98% formic acid for 3 h, gave a low reject value, Kappa number of around 60 and a 67% pulp yield. Celullose and Klason lignin of 79.5% and 11% were afforded, respectively. A preliminary pulp evaluation indicated that, at the same freeness of 42 °SR, a 25% less energy than in Kraft refining resulted. However, the formic pulp exhibited around 50% of the tear and burst indexes of those of Kraft pulp.

Oak sawdust and hazelnut shells as fillers for a polyester thermoset

Abstract: Composites made from a styrene cross linked unsaturated polyester resin and vegetable particles (oak sawdust and milled hazelnut shells) were prepared. The influence of the particle's chemical treatment on the final properties of the materials was investigated. The fillers were modified by a simple alkaline treatment or by further addition of acrylic acid to the hydroxyl groups of the lignocellulosic materials. The modification changed the chemistry of the particles as determined by infrared spectroscopy. Three-point bending tests were performed on the composites filled with the different sawdust batches and with untreated milled hazelnut shells. The modulus was maximum for the composite made with alkaline treated sawdust. However, the ultimate strength as well as the displacement were best if the fibers were acrylic acid treated. Composites made with milled shells showed the lowest ultimate properties.

Laboratory experiments designed to test the remediation properties of materials

Abstract: Passive treatment systems constructed to remediate mine drainage have proven to be very successful for a wide variety of drainage compositions and volumes. The construction of an anaerobic passive treatment system requires a mixture of local materials with the objective of producing a system that allows adequate water flow while supporting the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria. These bacteria have the effect of reducing the oxidizing potential in the system causing many sulfide-forming metals in solution to precipitate. The focus of these experiments was the study of chemical characteristics of materials, individually and in mixtures, with the purpose of determining which would be best suited for incorporation into a treatment system. The materials of interest were manure (fresh and aged), alfalfa, limestone, and sawdust, which were all collected in close proximity to the construction site of the proposed treatment system. A variety of chemical and physical hypotheses were formulated prior to performing simple chemical characterization and anaerobic treatment tests. The hypotheses relating to the chemical nature of the single materials were carbon to nitrogen ratio, availability of low molecular weight organic acids, number of adsorption sites, and organic carbon content. In addition, hypotheses concerning the performance of mixtures were evaluated bymore » looking at the relative amount of bacterial growth (and metal removal) seen in each mixture over a 4-week period. The results of the laboratory experiments confirmed hypotheses, and demonstrated that in the mixtures, the anaerobic bacteria flourish when alfalfa is present, up to a point. The best mixture that allowed proliferation of bacteria while also removing metals consisted of 50% limestone, 25% aged manure, 15% sawdust, and 10% alfalfa (% by weight).« less

Method of sawdust-based cultivation of shiitake (Cortinellus shiitake) and a cultivation water tank used for the method

Abstract: A method of sawdust-based cultivation of Shiitake (Cortinellus Shiitake) and a cultivation water tank used for the method in which a top portion of a cultivation bag which includes a cultivation bed (sawdust-based substrate) is cut to expose a top surface of the cultivation bed and water is poured into a gap between the bag and bed; and a cultivation water tank comprises a framework, water tanks arranged in the framework, sawdust-based substrates arranged in the water tank, a latticed frame, water sprinklers, an air blower and illuminators, a pump connected to the water pipe and the exhaust pipe through a pipe, exhaust pipes provided at a drain pipe so that water may not overflow onto the top surface of the sawdust-based substrates which is characterized in that water is circulated to refrain mushrooms from fruiting and growing from the side and bottom faces of the sawdust-based substrates, but to grow only from the top surface of sawdust-based substrates.

Thermoplastic resin composition

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject composition capable of readily molding and processing, having large impact strength and capable of providing molded products having excellent wooden feeling and useful for building, raw materials, etc., by including a thermoplastic resin, wood flour having average particle diameter in a specific range and a specific fiber at a specific ratio. SOLUTION: This thermoplastic resin composition comprises (A) 100 pts.wt. thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene, (B) 5-150 pts.wt. wooden flour having 30-500 μm average particle diameter and (C) 0.5-50 pts.wt. fiber having softening temperature higher by 5-50 deg.C than processing temperature of the component A. Wooden flour obtained by piling up sawdust produced as by-product from sawmills, partially fermenting the sawdust and drying the fermented sawdust is preferably used as the component B. When vinyl chloride resin or polyolefin is used as the component A used as a matrix, polyvinyl alcohol-based fiber, etc., is preferably used as the component C.

Improved method for separating liquid manure into a solid and a filtrate

Abstract: In a plant (figure 1) for liquid manure treatment by filtering-compression following coagulation/flocculation, the coagulation/flocculation phase is carried out by successively introducing ferric chloride, an organic flocculant such as polyacrylamide and sawdust. It is preferable to sequentially mix small amounts of manure with added flocculant and sawdust with a larger amount of already flocculated manure and to use a slow agitation system consisting of three blades rotating at about one half-turn per second. The invention is particular useful for treating pig and duck slurry.

Decomposition treatment of organic waste and production of ridging for plant by decomposition treatment of organic waste

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To achievce the shortening of the decomposition treatment time of org. waste and the compactification of decomposition treatment facilities and to produce ridging for a plant by utilizing the fermentative fermentation of org. waste. SOLUTION: Particulate coated carbide prepered by baking and carbonizing sawdust coated with bentonite is mixed with garbage as a moisture adjusting material to adjust garbage to the optimum water content. Aerobic fermentation bacteria are added to this garbage to charge the garbage in a fermentation treatment tank 2 and the garbage is heated at 75 deg.C for 3 hr by a gas burner 23 to be subjected to primary fermentation. This fermented garbage is put in an ageing box 3 to be aged within an ageing chamber 41 for about one month. Three major fertilizer components of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium liberated accompanied by the fermentative decomposition of garbage are adsorbed and supported by the coated carbide to prepare ridging for a plant. A secondary ageing period and space for decomposing and extinguishing sawdust required in a case mixing sawdust itself as a moisture adjusting material are avoided.

Method and system of producing organic fertlizer with sludge and sawdust

Abstract: The present invention relates to organic fertilizer production method and apparatus using the waste sludge with sawdust, logging site and construction site shredding process by the waste Forest products to be disposed of in other places using the crusher and a magnetic separator and the dry distillation type cyclones and the selection process and, metal by repeating the removal process to prepare a sawdust below 1mm, thus the desired drugs to be manufactured sawdust and certain aerobic fermentation the fermentation the possible sludge with the sludge and sawdust preset using the weighing system, a predetermined ratio a back mixing, after fermentation while reversing a predetermined time interval predetermined by blowing air to the optimal temperature for fermentation of the mixture in the fermenter, was aged at the same time and dried for a predetermined time preset in the fermentation tank, the packaging through the packaging machine by the, significantly increasing the recycle rate of the waste timber and the processing efficiency of the sludge is And so enhanced, that is to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals, the human body.

Non-waste and resource-saving radiation process of polymer modified wood production

Abstract: Technology of modification of wood with a synthetic polymer is designed. It is useful for improvement of consumer value of low-grade soft wood such as poplar, aspen, alder or birch as well as for utilization of wood-making industry wastes such as cuttings, sawdust and chips. Composite materials are manufactured by impregnation of wood with synthetic monomers or oligomers and subsequent radiation polymerization. The materials excel all kinds of natural wood in their resistance to abrasion and corrosion. The development was carried out using a linear electron accelerator with electron energy 5-8 MeV and beam power 5 kW.

Treatment of high temperature gas

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for treating high temperature gas in which activated carbon hard to cause dust explosion is used. SOLUTION: Powdery activated carbon, in which total oxygen amount calculated from pyrolysis gas at 950 deg.C is 1.5 wt.% and amount of ash content is not less than 15 wt.%, is used in a method for treating high temperature gas suitable for treatment of exhaust gas of an incinerator in particular. Various kinds of materials such as botanical wood, sawdust, coconut shell, pulp waste liquid, fossil fuel-based coal, petroleum heavy oil or coal/petroleum pitch obtained by thermally cracking them, a synthetic polymer, phenol resin, furan resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyliden chloride resin, plastic waste and a waste tire are used as the raw material of activated carbon. A method for producing activated carbon from these raw materials differs by the raw materials. Such a method is cited that in general, firstly the raw material is pulverized and then granulated to uniformly carbonize it and thereby pellets of uniform size are produced, carbonized and activated and thereafter again pulverized. When amount of ash content in the obtained activated carbon is insufficient, the raw material is pulverized and thereafter inorganic oxide is added and the mixture is granulated and carbonized. Alumina, silica and iron oxide or the like are favorable as the used inorganic oxide at this time from a point of safety.

Effect of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on microbial decomposition processes in stored pig-slurry solids.

Abstract: The solid fraction (SF) of pig slurry obtained in the first stage of aerobic slurry treatment was amended with 1 and 2 % zeolite (clinoptilolite) and stored for 12 weeks under anaerobic conditions or with turning after 3 and 6 weeks of storage. In addition to that SF was mixed with 2 % zeolite, 50 % (V/V) sawdust, and both sawdust and zeolite, and stored for 6 weeks with turning after 1 and 3 weeks. Plate counts of psychrophilic, mesophilic, coliform and fecal coliform bacteria, determined during the storage, corresponded to the development of temperature, in the core of the substrates. An effect of amendment of SF with zeolite and sawdust on plate counts of selected bacteria was observed, dependent on the zeolite dose. The thermophilic phase was not reached in any of the investigated substrates. The populations of fecal coliforms in the substrate amended with 1 % zeolite and turned after 3 and 6 weeks decreased after 11 weeks down to 500 CFU/g substrate.

Nutrient medium for cultivating mushroom spawn and method of preparing thereof

Abstract: FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: nutrient medium comprises (wt %): blanched grain, 90-95; conifer sawdust, 5-10; and mineral additives, method for preparing said medium comprises blanching grain at 95-100 for 15-20 min and cooling it. Gypsum and conifer sawdust are added to cooled grain. The resulting mixture is sterilized pressure of 200 MPa and temperature of 131 C for 80-90 min. The present invention makes it possible to increase triality of nutrient medium, improve aeration thereof and enhance more rapid growth of spawn. EFFECT: more efficient preparation method. 3 cl, 6 ex, 1 tbl

Composition for manufacture wood and polymeric materials

Abstract: FIELD: furniture and building industries, and finishing work. SUBSTANCE: composition comprises sawdust and polyethylene according to 1-st embodiment and further comprises solution of natural bischofite, the ratio of components is as follows, wt.pts: sawdust, 100; polyethylene, 30-100; bischofite solution, 10-20 and according to 2nd embodiment, the composition comprises sawdust and polyethylene and further comprises solution of natural bischofite and industrial asbestos production waste in the form of asbestos dust, the ratio of components is as follows, wt.pts: saw dust, 100; polyethylene, 90-100; solution of bischofite, 10-30; asbestos dust, 5-20. EFFECT: reduced combustibility of wood and polymeric materials. 3 cl, 1 tbl

Organic fertilizer and its production

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To produce an organic fertilizer capable of improving the growth of a plant, effectively improving soil and carrying out the reutilization of an industrial waste and to provide a method for producing the organic fertilizer. SOLUTION: This organic fertilizer is produced by compounding rice bran, sawdust obtained from a part of a broad-leaved tree or a material wood, strained lees of soybeans, cut straws of rice plants, garbage wastes and granular charcoal corresponding to plants using the organic fertilizer with a material consisting essentially of a waste material of a mushroom bed in order to cultivate mushrooms and aging the resultant compounded material. The raw material prepared by compounding the respective compounding components is piled up in a conical shape of 4 m volume, stirred at an interval of 24 hr while retaining the compost so as to provide 0.3 wt.% water content therein and maintained for 4-5 months to thereby afford the sufficiently aged organic fertilizer.

Treatment of high temp. gas

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To efficiently remove dioxin in waste gas by treating the high temp. gas using powdery activated carbon in which the quantity of total oxygen and the fine pore volume of a fine pore having a specific diameter are specific values respectively. SOLUTION: In the case of the removal of harmful materials contained in a waste gas by adding activated carbon to the high temp. waste gas of >=150 deg.C generated from an incineration furnace or the like for municipal refuse or the like, powdery activated carbon having =0.22 ml/g the fine pore volume of a fine pore having a <=12 Å diameter is used as the activated carbon. As a raw material of the activated carbon to be used, various kinds of materials such as plant based wood, sawdust, a coconut shell, a pulp waste liquid, fossil fuel based coal, petroleum heavy oil, coal based or petroleum based pitch obtained by thermally decomposing them, a synthetic high polymer, a phenol resin, a furan resin, a polyvinyl chloride resin, a polyvinylidene chloride resin, a plastic waste or a waste tire are exemplified.

Combustion of pourable solid fuel, such as wood and grass pellets, wood chips, sawdust, coal dust briquettes

Abstract: Once the fuel has entered the combustion chamber (2), it is mixed and eddied with a quantity of air necessary for combustion entering tangentially via a surface nozzle (3). The air coming tangentially (4) from the fuel tube produces a pre-rotation of the resulting fuel flame and controls this in the conical area (5) of the nozzle burner. When a specific force of gravity is not exceeded and after an air amount is blown in, ash particles (6) are conveyed by the rotation of the flame along the cone wall to their removal point (8). In order to stabilize the rotation of the flame, air is introduced by nozzle (9) in the direction of rotation.