Showing papers on "Schistosoma haematobium published in 1975"

Circulating soluble antigens and antibody in schistosomiasis.

Abstract: Some patients with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections were shown to have soluble schistosomal antigen in their plasma. Antibody to this antigen and to other antigens of adult worms were also present. These findings may be relevant to schistosomal-related immune-complex disease, especially the nephrotic syndrome.

Hypersensitivity to parasite proteolytic enzyme in schistosomiasis.

Abstract: A proteolytic enzyme which hydrolyses hemoglobin was obtained from the supernatant fraction of homogenized Schistosoma mansoni. This enzyme elicited histaminic skin reactions in various animals, including man, which were infected with S. mansoni. It failed to induce reactions in monkeys harboring S. haematobium, S. japonicum, or S. intercalatum. In a preliminary field trial in the Caribbean, the skin test proved to be somewhat less sensitive than the customarily used extract of adult worms in Coca's solution. However, the enzyme appeared to induce fewer false positive reactions and delayed responses than did the Coca's extract. A new diagnostic test for schistosomiasis probably could be developed by using specific parasite enzymes against which the host has become sensitized in the course of infection.

A comparison of Sudanese and South African strains of Schistosoma haematobium.

Abstract: The worm recoveries of two different strains of Schistosoma haematobium from male hamsters and their egg-laying capacities are studied. The infection rates obtained, the growth of worms and the distribution of eggs in hamster tissues are compared with those previously described for other strains of S. haematobium . Previous studies have shown that different geographical strains of Schistosoma haematobium have specific characteristics which reflect the infra-specific variations of this complex species (Webbe and James, 1971a, b; James and Webbe, 1973). The present paper records further observations on two strains of the parasite from the Sudan (Khartoum) and South Africa (Nelspruit).

The relation of worm burden to passage of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the urine of infected patients.

Abstract: Patients scheduled for cystectomy for bladder carcinoma or exstrophy of the bladder were studied. The number of eggs per day passed in the urine preoperatively was compared with the number of worms recovered from the cystectomy specimen by dissection. A mean of 203 embryonated Schistosoma haematobium eggs per day per worm pair were recovered from the urine of active, untreated cases. The relation between the number of S. haematobium females recovered and the number of living eggs passed in the urine was questionably significant. The correlation between S. haematobium females and all eggs (living and dead) passed in the urine was somewhat better. Several S. mansoni females were recovered from one specimen. This patient passed 139 embryonated S. mansoni eggs per day in the urine for each female worm recovered. Only one active case, treated 6 weeks before operation, might have been missed on routine parasitological examination of the urine.

Calcification of the bladder and papillary tumours of the bladder and ureters in gibbons (Hylobates lar) infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran)

Abstract: Many species of nonhuman primates have been employed to find parasite-definitive host combinations which would allow for investigations on different aspects of schistosomiasis haematobia. Gibbons (Hylobates lar), exposed to moderate numbers of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae, have demonstrated some of the basic features of schistosomiasis haematobia in man. Calcification in schistosomiasis haematobia is variable. Radiologically evident calcification of the bladder was noted in one gibbon. Radio-opaque areas in the bladder corresponded to dense deposits of calcified eggs observed on histological examination. Thus, it seems, bladder calcification, thought to be a later complication of schistosomiasis, can develop fairly rapidly. One of two gibbons killed 11 months after infection had small papillary transitional cell tumours in both ureters. The other had papillary transitional cell tumours covering most of the urinary bladder surface. No invasion of muscle by tumour was present and no metastases were seen.

The effect of ultra-violet radiation on cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.

Abstract: It was shown that ultra-violet radiation has a damaging effect on cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium which are similarly influenced. Radiation of cercariae for intervals as short as 5–20 seconds markedly increased their mortality during penetration of host skin and inhibited migration of schistosomula in the lungs beyond days 3–4 post-infection. No mature adult worms were recovered from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with irradiated cercariae. The practical significance of the cercaricidal property of ultra-violet radiation is discussed.

Renographic studies in vesical schistosomiasis in children.

Abstract: Renal function in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium and in uninfected controls has been studied with the I131 hippuran renogram. The results suggest that renographic abnormalities which persist after a water-load are more common in infected children who have heavy egg-output in their urine, and abnormal pyelograms. Specific chemotherapy restored the renogram to normal within 3 weeks in several cases. It is suggested that the renogram is useful for the assessment and followup of patients with vesical schistosomiasis, and further work should be done to more clearly define the renal function of such patients.

Metrifonate in urinary schistosomiasis. A field trial in northern Nigeria.

Abstract: A field trial of metrifonate in the form of Bilarcil tablets (Bayer) was carried out in 39 northern Nigerian schoolchildren heavily infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Three oral doses of 7.5 mg/kg were given at four-week intervals. The drug proved effective (mean reduction in egg counts eight weeks after completion of treatment 94.5%) and was excellently tolerated. Its use on a larger scale is suggested.

Letter: Circulating immune complexes in schistosomiasis.

Abstract: Circulating Immune Complexes in Schistosomiasis Mary D. Smith, F.R.C.P.ED., and others.... 274 Myasthenia Associated with Penicillamine Treatment D. A. H. Yates, M.D ..................... 274 Medicine on Television Marion C. Way, M.R.C.PSYCH ............. 275 Glomerulonephritis Associated with Coxiella burneti Endocarditis G. H. Hall, F.R.C.P., and others ............ 275 Convulsion following Maprotiline Overdose D. R. Meek, M.B., and others ............ 275 Anaemia in Pregnancy D. J. Thomas, F.R.C.S.ED ................. 275 Misleading Drug Advertising B. N. C. Prichard, M.R.C.P ............... 275 An Easy Death S. L. H. Smith, M.R.C.G.P.; 0. G. Morgan, F.R.C.S ............................. 276 Sand Pneumoconiosis in an Egyptian Mummy E. Tapp, M.D., and others ................ 276 Imported Sterile Water I. E. W. Gilmour, F.R.C.S.ED ............... 276 Dangers of Silent Gall Stones R. C. G. Russell, F.R.C.S., and H. A. F. Dudley, F.R.C.S.ED ....................... 277 Merrison Report and Asian Doctors D. R. Prem, M.R.C.S ..................... 277 Medical Problems of the North Sea I. K. Anderson, M.R.C.G.P ................. 277 Tailored Treatment for Varicose Veins I. G. Schraibman, F.R.C.S ................. 277 Ischaemic Heart Disease and Pernicious Anaemia D. G. French, F.R.C.G.P ................... 278 Working of the Abortion Act P. J. Huntingford, F.R.C.O.G ............... 278 Debrisoquine, Guanethidine, and Bethanidine in Hypertension S. Talbot, M.R.C.P., and others ............ 278 Availability of Glyceryl Trinitrate S. V. Steinberg, M.B ..................... 278 Paramenstrual Baby Battering Katharina D. Dalton, M.R.C.G.P........... 279 Warning from Saskatchewan D. R. Amies, F.R.C.S.ED ................... 279 Training in Contraception J. D. 0. Loudon, F.R.C.O.G ............... 279 Consultant Negotiations A. H. Grabham, F.R.C.S.; F. E. Weale, F.R.C.S.; M. Spiro, F.R.C.S ................. 279 New Contract for Junior Hospital Staff B. F. Boyce, M.B., and others ..... ......... 280 After the Review Body Award J. C. Nicholson, M.R.C.G.P ................. 280 Fees for Insurance Reports A. George, M.B ......................... 281 Gold Therapy in 1975 Rt. Hon. Lord Platt, F.R.C.P ............... 281 Points from Letters Additional Sessions for Consultants (J. B. Fawcitt); Rats Today (J. G. Wilson; T. J. B. Dawes); Speech Therapy for the Mentally Handicapped (Carol Miller); Treatment of Alcoholism (L. M. Shirlaw); Registrable Qualifications (N. Marsden); Extravagant Investigation (A. A. Stephen); Kilopascals (A. Hollman); Treatment of Sciatica (J. H. Davidson) ........................ 281

Relationship between pure Schistosoma haematobium infection in Upper Egypt and irrigation systems. Part II: Host characteristics. The general prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium, age and sex distribution.

Abstract: The epidemiology of bilharziasis was studied in four villages in Assiut Governorate. These villages were almost similar with respect to their socioeconomic conditions, modes of living, availability and date of introduction of medical services. The first village, Gezirat El-Maabda, has a basin system of irrigation. The other three villages had shifted to the perennial system of irrigation for three years in Nazza Karrar, 26 years in El-Ghorayeb and 95 years in Garf Sarhan and were similar with respect to proximity to water courses. So the only variable of importance between the four villages was the mode of irrigation. Bilharziasis was diagnosed by detection of eggs in urine or faeces. A definitive relationship between the prevalence of S. haematobium infection and the type of irrigation system was further documented. A low prevalence was found in Gezirat El-Maabda (2.95%). In the other three villages a much higher prevalence existed (31.9%, 46.2% & 38.9% in Nazza Karar, El-Ghorayeb and Garf Sarhan respectively). The higher prevalence of S. haematobium in Nazza Karar (31.9%) only three years after introduction of perennial irrigation was a disappointing finding. It can be considered as an evidence against the elaborate measures and precautions planned and incompletely implemented before or after the establishment of Aswan High Dam. Not a single case of S. mansoni was encountered during this study. As regards the age and sex distribution of S. haematobium in the three villages irrigated perennially, a steep rise started at the age group 5-9 years reaching a peak at the age group 10-14 years. In Gezirat El-Maabda the peak was reached at later age (15-19 years). The cause of this difference was explained. Males showed a higher rate of infection than females in almost all age groups of the four village studied.

Relationship between pure schistosoma haematobium infection in Upper Egypt and irrigation systems. Part III: Host characteristics. The prevalence of S. haematobium in relation to religon, occupation, and habits.

Abstract: Study of the effect of religion on the prevalence of S. haematobium infection revealed that ablution and other Muslims rituals do not represent an important factor in the prevalence of S. haematobium. Data concerning the effect of education on the prevalence of S. haematobium show that it has no significant role when similar age groups were compared. Farming was shown to be the occupation of leading importance with rest to exposure to S. haematobium infection, as farmers and farm labourer constitute a large sector of our rural population. Finishing, although forming a greater danger in this respect, is not a common occupation in the studied villages with the exception of El-Ghorayeb. The study showed that swimming in canal water is one of the most important activities causing infection with bilharziasis.

Solitary epididymal schistosomiasis.

Abstract: A 54-year-old Canadian presented with a 1-month history of painless swelling in the right testis. The diagnosis was thought to be a sperm granuloma, a leiomyoma, or an adenomatoid tumour of the epididymis; histologic examination, however, revealed evidence of schistosomiasis, probably due to Schistosoma haematobium. Solitary schistosomiasis of the epididymis has been reported previously in only two cases. Epididymal schistosomiasis has never been diagnosed preoperatively because it is so rare, but even if it were suspected preoperatively and confirmed by biopsy, chemotherapy alone would not prevent impairment of epididymal function due to scarring. Surgical excision of the lesion, therefore, is recommended.

A study of the infectivity of the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.

Abstract: The effect of various factors on the infectivity of the cercariae of S. mansoni and S. haematobium were studied. It has clearly been shown that the infectivity of cercariae of both species is directly influenced by those factors. Almost equal proportions of cercariae of both species died or were severely damaged during penetration of mammalian host. skin: 24-48% died in mouse skin compared with only 11-19% in hamster skin. These differential losses in the skin of different hosts account for the fact that hamsters yield higher adult worm. recoveries than mice. However, adult worm recoveries from animals infected with S. haematobium cercariae were much less, almost one third, than those from S. mansoni infections. Young mice were more susceptible to S. mansoni than old mice and this was mainly due to the low level of mortality of cercariae during penetration of young mouse skin. More cercariae of S. mansoni died, at lest during the early stages of penetration, in the skin of infected animals than in the skin of normal previously non-infected animals. It is very difficult to explain this observation; it could be related to the immune state of the host or to local reaction, provoked by previous exposure to cercariae, at the site of penetration. No difference was found in the susceptibility of male or female mice to S. mansoni but male hamsters were more susceptible to S. haematobium than female hamsters. The percentages of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercariae which die, during penetration of host skin, steadily increased with increase in the post-emergence age of the cercariae and this accounted for the observed decline in infectivity which accompanied ageing of the cercariae. It has been demonstrated that death of S. mansoni cercariae during penetration of host skin is probably due to the exhaustion of their stored energy reserves. Ultra-violet irradiation affected the infectivity of cercariae of S. mansoni and S. haematobium by increasing the level of mortality of cercariae in the skin and delaying their migration in the lungs beyond days 3-4 postinfection. Gamma irradiation also inhibited the development of S. mansoni cercariae to the adult stage : cercariae were mainly destroyed in the liver although some form of damage occurred in the lungs as well. Maintenance of cercariae of S. mansoni and S. haematobium at low or high temperatures increased their mortality in the skin and consequently resulted in a marked reduction in the worm burdens of animals infected with these cercariae. Treatment of S. mansoni cercariae with sublethal concentrations of niclosamide (Bayluscide) had the same effect as temperature. The in vivo development of S. haeratobium was also studied. It followed the same general pattern as for S. mansoni and S. japonicum: six stages of development, characterized by morphological and histochemical criteria, were distinguished. However, the development of S. haematobium was slower (61-63 days) than S. mansoni (34-35 days) or S. japonicum (23-29 days).

Schistosomiasis of the urinary bladder. A case report.

Abstract: The case is reported of a man with schistosomiasis of the bladder which gave rise to non-gonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis was confirmed by finding the characteristic terminal-spined Schistosoma haematobium ova in the urine deposit. The cystoscopic appearances further confirmed the disease and its stage. The patient responded satisfactorily to treatment although the follow-up period was short.