Showing papers on "Selection (genetic algorithm) published in 1982"

Selection and Training Procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese Multinationals

Abstract: The policies and practices of U.S., West European, and Japanese multinationals differ with respect to the procedures used for selecting personnel to fill positions overseas and the training programs used to prepare candidates.

Validity and fairness of some alternative employee selection procedures

Abstract: Despite extensive evidence that tests are valid for employee selection, Federal Guidelines have urged employers to seek alternative selection procedures that are equally valid but have less adverse impact on minorities. Research on the validity, adverse impact and fairness of eight categories of alternatives was reviewed. Feasibility of operational use of each type of alternative in an employment setting was also discussed. Only biodata and peer evaluation were supported as having validities substantially equal to those for standardized tests. Previous reviews and more recent research indicated that interviews, self-assessments, reference checks, academic achievement, expert judgment and projective techniques had levels of validity generally below those reported for tests. Data, where available, offered no clear indication that any of the alternatives met the criterion of having equal validity with less adverse impact. Results are discussed and several additional promising alternatives are described.

Unsuccessful Predation and Evolution

Abstract: The theory of evolution by natural selection requires the recognition of aptations. A given genetic variant can be shown to have an advantage over another with respect to an individual's viability in a given environment if (1) some individuals in the population reproduce after an encounter with the agent of selection for which the variant is believed to be beneficial, and (2) the beneficial variant has a higher frequency among individuals which have survived encounters with the agent than among those which died as a result of the encounter or among those which did not encounter the agent. In the special case of evolution of antipredatory features, unsuccessful predation is a necessary condition. A literature survey of 60 predaceous species reveals that unsuccessful predation is widespread; only 19 of 100 prey species (19%) were attacked in one or more vulnerable size classes with an efficiency (measured after the prey was detected) of 90% or more. The nature and effectiveness of antipredatory defenses can...

Survey of Model-Based Image Analysis Systems

Abstract: A survey and critique of the state of the art in model-based image analysis systems is presented. The paper includes summaries of a selection of systems and evaluates them from the viewpoint of progress toward general vision systems. The paper also describes principles of design of general vision systems.

Using known map category marginal frequencies to improve estimates of thematic map accuracy

Abstract: By means of two simple sampling plans suggested in the accuracy-assessment literature, it is shown how one can use knowledge of map-category relative sizes to improve estimates of various probabilities. The fact that maximum likelihood estimates of cell probabilities for the simple random sampling and map category-stratified sampling were identical has permitted a unified treatment of the contingency-table analysis. A rigorous analysis of the effect of sampling independently within map categories is made possible by results for the stratified case. It is noted that such matters as optimal sample size selection for the achievement of a desired level of precision in various estimators are irrelevant, since the estimators derived are valid irrespective of how sample sizes are chosen.

Pathogens as Causes of Genetic Diversity in their Host Populations

Abstract: Sex is likely to be an adaptation that enables large multicellular long-lived organisms to resist exploitation by specialized smaller shorter-lived organisms — that is, by parasites/pathogens. Antagonistic coadaptation of genotypes between such species tends to entrain limit cycles or else repeating and largely nonprogressive situations of counter-transience of new defense and attack alleles. Models on these lines can account for (a) correlation of stable sexual reproduction with size and longevity and with biotic complexity of habitat, (b) abundance of protein polymorphism, (c) diversity of adaptive linkage values, (d) common linkage disequilibria in multi-locus genotypes, and (e) “good genes” mate choice and the excesses of sexual selection. Through parasites, frequency-dependent selection may account for much more variation than has been credited while immediate heterozygote advantage may account for much less. Through frequency-dependent selection, polymorphism based even on generally concave fitness profiles may be common.

Artifact, cause and genic selection

Abstract: Several evolutionary biologists have used a parsimony argument to argue that the single gene is the unit of selection. Since all evolution by natural selection can be represented in terms of selection coefficients attaching to single genes, it is, they say, "more parsimonious" to think that all selection is selection for or against single genes. We examine the limitations of this genic point of view, and then relate our criticisms to a broader view of the role of causal concepts and the dangers of reification in science.

Selection and the Evolution of Industry

Abstract: Proposes a theory that explains why smaller firms have higher and more variable growth rates than larger firms. Relying on employer heterogeneity and market selection to generate patterns of employer growth and failure, the model states that efficient firms grow and survive while inefficient firms decline and fail, regardless of firm size. However, firms that fail are actually firms that, if given more time to succeed, would have grown more slowly. These slow growing firms are most often smaller firms. Also provided is a behavior characterization of entry and prices in equilibrium, which is defined as a pair of functions that characterize optimal output and exit behavior of firms. (SFL)

The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: A Hierarchical Expansion

Abstract: Alleles, individuals, and species are all examples of entities possessing variation in the properties that underlie natural selection: branching (reproduction), persistence (survivorship), and heritability of characters. This suggests that the logic embodied in the theory of natural selection can be abstracted from its usual application to the level of individuals to encompass selection operating among any biological entities for which these essential properties can be meaningfully defined. This approach leads to a unified perspective of adaptation, selection, and fitness at all levels. Expanded versions of the Price covariance selection equations provide a convenient and useful conceptual vehicle for this discussion. The advantages of a hierarchical approach are twofold: it permits exploration of concepts and ideas across levels by analogy, and it focuses attention upon the mechanisms that account for different evolutionary dynamics at each level rather than obscuring these biologically unique properties with argument by extension from a single “special” level.We point out that the choice of a single measure of evolutionary change restricts the context in which “other level” processes will be perceived. We illustrate the limited forms in which higher and lower level selection can be recognized from the unique perspective provided by any given level through extensions of Price's formula.An exploration of the implications of such an approach leads us to the assertion that the development of a unified theory of evolution demands the recognition and incorporation of hierarchical structure as a conceptual foundation.

Objective Selection of Sensitive Species Indicative of Pollution-Induced Change in Benthic Communities. I. Comparative Methodology

Abstract: Isolation of groups of species indicative of pollution-induced effects on benthic communities has traditionally been based on subjective ecological expertise. A review of more general methods covering the use of diversity indices, computer based multivariate analyses is glven. The conclusion drawn is that there are many drawbacks with these methods too and their so-called 'objectivity' is questioned. Using a modification of the log-normal distribution of individuals among species a new method is proposed which can be used to isolate objectively groups of species sensitive to pollution effects. An example is drawn from a time-series study on effects of organic enrichment on a soft-sediment community. The method suggested has a sound theoretical base, is simple to plot, utilizes all the data on individuals and species in a community and identifies groups of species that can be used in reduced scale monitoring programmes.

Cultural Transmission and the Evolution of Cooperative Behavior

Abstract: Sociobiological theory predicts that humans should not cooperate with large groups of unrelated individuals. This prediction is based on genetic models that show that selection acting on variation between large unrelated groups will generally be much weaker than selection acting on variation between individuals. Recently, several authors have presented related models of human evolution that integrate cultural and genetic transmission of behavior. We show that in such models group selection is potentially a strong force. Data on ethnocentrism is examined in the context of these results.

The evolutionary effects of mate selection

Abstract: Sexual selection is the subset of natural selection that depends on differential success in obtaining mates. Differential mating success within one sex, say males, may depend on the preferences of females for certain males, on the outcome of male-male competition for females, or on some combination of both processes. The purpose of this review is to analyze the evolutionary consequences of that component of sexual selection due to mating preferences. The most important step in such an analysis is to determine which characteristics of one sex determine mating preferences in the other sex, since these characteristics will be favored by sexual selection. In the past there has been much debate over the importance of mate choice as a selection pressure, and, in fact, about whether mate choice occurs at all (32, 63, 82, 128). This controversy can perhaps be largely avoided if mate choice is clearly defined. For the purposes of this review, mate choice includes all instances where there is differential mating success in one sex due to preferences exhibited by the other sex. Under this definition, mate choice includes preferences based on characters conferring genetic benefit to the young, on phenotypic characters conferring a more immediate benefit to the chooser (such as assistance with parental care), or even on characters external to the chosen individual (such as resources it controls).

The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection

Abstract: Understanding Consumers of Food Products Google Books Result The psychobiology of human food selection ??????OPAC The Psychobiology of human food selection. Book. ... The Psychobiology of human food selection. Book. ISBN0870554093. 0 people like thisic. Harvard ... The Psychobiology of human food selection Facebook The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection. Front Cover. Lewis M. Barker. AVI Publishing Company, 1982 Technology & Engineering 262 pages. Cognitive, motivational, social, and environmental influences on . Get this from a library! The Psychobiology of human food selection. [Lewis M Barker;] Human Food Intake and Choice: University of Pennsylvania Geography and genetics as factors in the psychobiology of human . The roles of geographic and genetic factors in influencing food selection are discussed with particular reference to the relationship of milk usage, lactose . Beauty and the Brain: Biological Aspects of Aesthetics Google Books Result RozinVolumeTwoPaper.doc The Psychobiology Of Human Food Selection (Ellis Horwood Series In Food Science & Technology) (English) Buy The Psychobiology Of Human Food . Behavioral Aspects of Feeding Google Books Result The Psychobiology of human food selection. Medvirker: Barker, Lewis M. Publisert: Chichester : Ellis Horwood, 1982. Omfang: xvii, 262 s. ill. Språk: Engelsk. Geography and genetics as factors in the psychobiology of human food selection on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. The Psychobiology Of Human Food Selection The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection [Lewis M. Barker] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Book by Barker, Lewis M. Handbook of Cultural Psychology Google Books Result The psychobiology of human food selection. ??????: ??; ????: edited by Lewis M. Barker; ??: ??; ????: Westport, Conn. : AVI, c1982; ??: xvii, ... Reference List Food Colour and Appearance Google Books Result For all practical purposes, the last opportunity for food selection is presented when these substances . Humans and other food generalists must discover which of the various substances in the ... The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection. The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection: Lewis M. Barker ... The Acquisition of Likes and Dislikes for Foods What Is America . Handbook of the psychophysiology of human eating (Chapter 1, 2, 3). Chichester, UK: Wiley ... In: Barker LM, ed. The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection. Food Choice And The Consumer Google Books Result The Psychology of Food Choice Google Books Result Most of the determinants of human food choice fall in the domain of psychology. {individual ...... psychobiology or human food selection (pp. 111—188.) Westport ... Nutritional Modulation of ral Function Google Books Result ?Bøker The Psychobiology of human food selection The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Google Books Chocolate is a human super food made from an unlikely bitter precursor, through a . In L. M. Barker (Ed.), The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection (pp. The Psychobiology of human food selection Agris Why Food Matters Agronomy Courses The Psychobiology Of Human Food Selection (Ellis Horwood Series . A series of papers is presented for nutritionists, food scientists, and the general public concerning the influence of biologic, personal, and cultural factors on food . References in Worksite food choices: An investigation of intended . The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Google Books The Psychobiology of Human Food. Selection. Front Cover. Lewis M. Barker. AVI Publishing ... The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Foundation Google Books Result This book reports the results of a symposium in which 16 experts discussed what determines the food we eat. The subject matter takes the reader from molecular ... The Psychology of Eating and Drinking Google Books Result ment inthe human record, more important than the internal combustion engine . I suspect that all food people face similar responses at their respective ..... In this course, students select a single food ..... In The Psychobiology of Human. Food ... The psychobiology of human food selection. CAB Direct ? The Psychobiology of human food selection (Book, 1982) [WorldCat . Ss rated 15 foods in terms of possible choice criteria and social or environmental . In L. M. Barker, (Ed.), The psychobiology of human food selection (pp. Geography and genetics as factors in the psychobiology of human . Worksite food choices: An investigation of intended and actual selections . human food selection. in: L. Barker (Ed.) The psychobiology of human food selection.

A condition for group selection to prevail over counteracting individual selection.

Abstract: The importance of group selection as an evolutionary force has been much debated (see Wilson, 1973; Maynard Smith, 1976; Wade, 1978, for recent critiques). Whenever a population is subdivided into groups of mating individuals (i.e., demes) between which there is complete or partial isolation, the differential extinction or proliferation of those groups becomes a possible force for directional genetic change, to be superposed on selection at the individual level. Of particular interest, and this is the problem which I address, is whether group selection can prevail over individual selection to bring about the evolution of an altruistic trait. An altruistic trait is here defined as a trait which is detrimental to the fitness of the individual who expresses it but which confers an advantage on the group of which that individual is a member in the form of, for example, a reduced probability of group extinction. Seminal papers on the subject are Haldane (1932) and Wright (1945). The basic problem of group selection is how the genetic differentiation of groups, a sine qua non for group selection to occur, can be maintained when many forces including group selection tend to diminish it (Slatkin, 1980). More concretely, in the haploid one-locus two-allele no mutation model which we analyze in this paper, where genetic differentiation of groups is generated in most part by random genetic drift and reduced partly by migration, are the parameter values, e.g., deme size, migration rate, etc. which need to be postulated to permit the evolution of altruism by group selection, of realistic magnitude? A related question is, what is the appropriate measure of genetic differentiation? There are differing definitions and formulations of group selection (see Maynard Smith, 1976; Wade, 1978; Uyenoyama, 1979). The model which I analyze is based on the models of Levins (1970) (see also Boorman and Levitt, 1980 p. 289-32 1), Eshel (1972), and Levin and Kilmer (1974). The intuitive concept of a group is a partially isolated set of mating individuals with potential continuity across many individual lifetimes. Some examples are a "clan" of hyenas, an "unit group" of chimpanzees, a "settlement" of Pleistocene hominids. In addition to the aforementioned authors, Boorman and Levitt (1972, 1973) and Cohen and Eshel (1976) also appear to adopt this view of a group. However, in some recent models (D. S. Wilson, 1975; Matessi and Jayakar, 1976), a "group" has but an ephemeral existence, the group structure being dissolved each generation to form a random mating whole. The model actually analyzed by Uyenoyama (1979) also has this property. The life cycles of many species do indeed comply with this pattern, particularly if the "group" is identified with a sibship. Such models should perhaps be referred to as hierarchically-structured to distinguish them from the "traditional" (Wade, 1978) group models. With respect to the origin or maintenance of the between-group variation so necessary for group selection to be effective, the models of Levins (1970), Eshel (1972), and Levin and Kilmer (1974) invoke random genetic drift; those of Wilson (1975), Matessi and Jayakar (1976), Cohen and Eshel (1976), and in effect Boorman and Levitt (1972, 1973) depend on the "founder" effect; and Uyenoyama's model (1979) is new in that it introduces I Contribution No. 1387 from the National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, 411 Japan.

Rational Expectations in Dynamic Linear Models: Analysis of the Solutions

Abstract: In this paper we analyze the solutions of linear econometric models with rational expectations. More precisely, we describe in detail the set of all the solutions; in particular this set is shown to be much larger than the sets previously considered. We also study various criteria of selection in this set of solutions and we examine to what extent these criteria redtiuce the set of the solutions.

Group selection versus individual selection: an experimental analysis

Abstract: The evolutionary role of group selection has been a topic of controversy for over half a century. Group selection is defined as the "process of genetic change brought about or maintained by the differential extinction and/or proliferation of populations" (Wade, 1976, 1977). Theoretical work suggests that group selection may be an effective evolutionary force only under very restrictive conditions. Experiments described in the following sections will test some of this theory and offer new insights into the necessary conditions for evolutionary change when the group is the evolutionary unit. Wade (1978) has categorized the models of group selection into two types, depending upon whether the groups are localized breeding demes or are panmictic. Group selection models in the first category (Wright, 1945; Maynard Smith, 1964; Levins, 1970; Boorman and Levitt, 1973; Gilpin, 1974, 1975; Levin and Kilmer, 1974) operate through the differential proliferation and/or loss of local demes and conform closely to the process which the current study examines. Models in the second category include those (e.g., by Wilson, 1975, 1977, 1979) which assume a single panmictic population whose members are isolated into groups at some stage of their life, and within which ecological interactions occur. Levin and Kilmer (1974), based on extensive computer simulations, concluded that four demographic and genetic conditions are necessary for gene frequency