Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this article, a componential framework for conceptualizing creativity is presented, including domain relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills and task motivation as a set of necessary and sufficient components of creativity.
Abstract: Despite the clear importance of social and environmental' influences on creative performance, a social psychology of creativity is yet to be developed. Theory and research have focused almost exclusively on a personality approach to creativity and, to a lesser extent, a cognitive-abilities approach. Following a consideration of the definition and assessment of creativity, a componential framework for conceptualizing creativity is presented here. Including domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills, and task motivation as a set of necessary and sufficient components of creativity, the framework describes the way in which cognitive abilities, personality characteristics, and social factors might contribute to different stages of the creative process. The discussion emphasizes the previously neglected social factors and highlights the contributions that a social psychology of creativity can make to a comprehensive view of creative performance. A striking feature of many phenomenological accounts of creativity is the degree to which outstandingly creative individuals feel influenced by social and environmental factors. In many cases, these factors are quite ordinary, mundane events; it appears that even seemingly insignificant features of the environment can be detrimental or conducive to creativity in some individuals. For example, in a letter to a friend, Tchaikovsky (1906) described the devastating effect that
3,134 citations
TL;DR: The Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) as mentioned in this paper is a measure of social support, and four empirical studies employing it are described, three dealing with psychometric properties, its correations with measures of personality and adjustment, and the relationship of the SSQ to positive and negative life changes, and an experimental investigation of the relationship between social support and persistence in working on a complex, frustrating task.
Abstract: : A measure of social support, the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), is described and four empirical studies employing it are described. The SSQ yields scores for (a) number of social supports, and (b) satisfaction with social support that is available. Three of the studies deal with the SSQ's psychometric properties, its correations with measures of personality and adjustment, and the relationship of the SSQ to positive and negative life changes. The fourth study was an experimental investigation of the relationship between social support and persistence in working on a complex, frustrating task. The research reported suggests that the SSQ is a reliable instrument, and that social support is (1) more strongly related to positive than negative life changes, (2) more related in a negative direction to psychological discomfort among women than men, and (3) an asset in enabling a person to persist at a task under frustrating conditions. Research and clinical implications are discussed. (Author)
2,904 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The case for a social psychology of creativity is discussed in this article, where the authors present a framework for assessing artistic creativity in children and explore the relationship between reward and task constraints.
Abstract: I. Understanding and Assessing Creativity.- 1. The Case for a Social Psychology of Creativity.- A Gap in Creativity Research.- Some Social Psychological Stories.- A Recurrent Theme: Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation.- 2. The Meaning and Measurement of Creativity.- Previous Approaches to Creativity Definition.- Previous Approaches to Creativity Measurement.- A Consensual Definition of Creativity.- A Conceptual Definition of Creativity.- 3. A Consensual Technique for Creativity Assessment.- The Consensual Assessment of Artistic Creativity.- The Consensual Assessment of Verbal Creativity.- A Summary of Major Findings.- Comparison with Previous Techniques.- Limitations and Future Possibilities.- A Wider Context.- 4. A Theoretical Framework.- Preliminary Assumptions and Observations.- The Components of Creative Performance.- A Componential Framework.- The Intrinsic Motivation Hypothesis of Creativity.- II. Social and Environmental Influences.- 5. Effects of Evaluation on Creativity.- Intrinsic Motivation, Creativity, and the Nature of the Task.- The Basic Research Paradigm.- Impact of Evaluation Expectation.- Impact of Actual Evaluation.- Summary.- 6. Effects of Reward and Task Constraint.- Previous Research.- Effects of Reward of Children's Creativity.- The Interaction of Reward and Choice.- Choice in Aspects of Task Engagement.- Summary.- 7. Social Facilitation, Modeling, and Motivational Orientation.- Social Facilitation Theories: Implications for Creativity.- Evidence on the Social Facilitation and Inhibition of Creativity.- Modeling Influences on Creative Individuals.- Experimental Studies of Modeling.- Motivational Orientation: A Theoretical Analysis.- Motivational Orientation: An Empirical Demonstration.- Summary.- 8. Other Social and Environmental Influences.- Educational Environments.- Work Environments.- Family Influences.- Societal, Political, and Cultural Influences.- Other Influences on Creativity.- Summary.- III. Implications.- 9. Implications for Enhancing Creativity.- Direct Attempts: Creativity-Training Programs.- A Review of Social Influences on Creativity.- Implications for Education and Child-rearing.- Implications for the Arts, the Sciences, and Industry.- 10. Toward a Comprehensive Psychology of Creativity.- Social Psychology of Creativity: Current Status.- Social Psychology of Creativity: Future Directions.- Integrating Theoretical Perspectives.- References.- Author Index.
2,520 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, socialization personality and social development as mentioned in this paper, is the book that many people are waiting for to publish and they are very proper.
Abstract: Now welcome, the most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, socialization personality and social development. This is the book that many people in the world waiting for to publish. After the announced of this book, the book lovers are really curious to see how this book is actually. Are you one of them? That's very proper. You may not be regret now to seek for this book to read.
1,349 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three models for the effects of social desirability on organizational behavior research results were developed for the effect of social desire on organizational behaviour research results and showed that social desire can act as an unmeasured variable that produces spurious correlations.
Abstract: Three models are developed for the effects of social desirability (SD) on organizational behavior research results SD can act as (a) an unmeasured variable that produces spurious correlations betw
518 citations
TL;DR: The Rossi-Nock volume is a quite important work as it stands, and future developments will make it even more important as mentioned in this paper, and it deserves to be read by social psychologists, and the factorial survey technique should be fully integrated into the tool kit of those who go on to practice policy relevant research.
Abstract: 'Assign this book in a graduate social psychology methods course. It deserves to be read by social psychologists, and the factorial survey technique should be fully integrated into the tool kit of those who go on to practice policy-relevant research...The Rossi-Nock volume is a quite important work as it stands, and future developments will make it even more important.' -- Contemporary Psychology, Vol 28 No 6, 1983 'Measuring Social Judgments provides ready access to a highly adaptable technique for measuring complex perceptions of social objects, situations, and actions that is systematic and capable of considerable accuracy. Anyone with an interest in the state of this useful art should take a look.' -- Contemporary Sociology, Vol 12 No 6, November 1983
510 citations
TL;DR: Men and women are believed to differ in how influential and easily influenced they are: Men are thought to be more influential, and women more easily influenced as discussed by the authors, but these differences stem largely from formal status inequalities by which men are more likely than women to have high-status roles.
Abstract: Men and women are believed to differ in how influential and easily influenced they are: Men are thought to be more influential, and women more easily influenced. In natural settings, men and women tend to differ in these ways, but these differ- ences stem largely from formal status inequalities by which men are more likely than women to have high-status roles. Status is important because of the legitimate authority vested in high-status roles: Within appropriate limits, people of higher status are believed to have the right to make demands of those of lower status, and people of lower status are ex- pected to comply with these demands. Yet, small, stereotypic sex differences in leadership and social influence generally have been found in laboratory experiments and other small-group settings where men and women have equal formal status. These small sex differences may occur because experience with hierarchical social structures in which men have higher status creates expectancies about male and female behavior, and these expectancies affect social interaction in ways that foster behavior that confirms the expectancies. Sex differences that occur in the laboratory as well as natural settings, then, may stem from social structural factors—namely, from the existing distributions of women and men into social roles.
422 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses health-related personality Traits, social Psychology of the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern, and environmental Influences.
Abstract: Contents: Part I:Health-Related Personality Traits SC Kobasa, The Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health CS Carver, C Humphries, Social Psychology of the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern KA Wallston, BS Wallston, Who is Responsible for Your Health? The Construct of Health Locus of Control Part II:Medical Information Processing JA Skelton, JW Pennebaker, The Psychology of Physical Symptoms and Sensations GS Sanders, Social Comparison and Perceptions of Health and Illness Part III:Professional/Client Interaction SJ Mentzer, ML Snyder, The Doctor and the Patient: A Psychological Perspective H Leventhal, RS Hirschman, Social Psychology and Prevention C Maslach, SE Jackson, Burnout in Health Professions: A Social Psychological Analysis Part IV:Environmental Influences J Suls, Social Support, Interpersonal Relations, and Health: Benefits and Liabilities A Baum, A Wallace Deckel, RJ Gatchel, Environmental Stress and Health: Is There a Relationship? R Kastenbaum, Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? Health Care Provision for the Elderly from a Psychological Perspective
403 citations
01 Oct 1983
TL;DR: Intergroup theory provides interpretations for individual, interpersonal, group, intergroup, and organizational relations as discussed by the authors, which is concerned with both internal and external properties of groups, including boundaries, power, affect, cognition, and leadership behavior.
Abstract: : Intergroup perspectives began to shape the understanding of human behavior from the beginning of the twentieth century. Intergroup theory provides interpretations for individual, interpersonal, group, intergroup, and organizational relations. The version of intergroup theory given here uses a definition of group that is concerned with both internal and external properties. It explains intergroup dynamics in terms of group boundaries, power, affect, cognition, and leadership behavior. It examines the nature of identity and organization groups. It relates the state of intergroup relations to the suprasystem in which they are embedded. It presents an understanding of the changing relations among interdependent groups and their representatives through the operation of parallel and unconscious processes. The theory relates to a wide array of social and organizational problems, including the development of effective work teams, the definition and management of organizational culture, and the teaching of organizational behavior in Management schools.
348 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an examen de la litterature sur la question permet de comparer les modeles utilises par la psychotherapie de consultation, par the psychologie genetique, and par l'empathie sociale.
Abstract: Un examen de la litterature sur la question permet de comparer les modeles utilises par la psychotherapie de consultation, par la psychologie genetique et par la psychologie sociale dans la definition et dans la mesure de l'empathie. L'integration de ces differentes perspectives permet de degager des propositions concernant la nature, l'evolution et l'utilite clinique de l'empathie
301 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of neighborhood social contexts on the content of social networks is examined using a sample of white male Detroit residents, and a mathematical model of associational choice is developed that incorporates the ability of individuals to enforce social preferences on their choice of friends while maintaining the role of the social context in structuring that choice.
Abstract: This article considers the influence of neighborhood social contexts on the content of social networks. Contextual explanations for individual behavior argue that (1) individual preferences and actions are influenced through social interaction, and (2) social interaction is structured by the social composition of the individual's environment. Thus, a preliminary step to constructing contextual theories of individual behavior is an examination of the way that the social context structures social encounters and friendship choice. The empirical correspondence between the content of neighborhood social contexts and the content of social networks is examined using a sample of white male Detroit residents. A mathematical model of associational choice is developed that incorporates the ability of individuals to enforce social preferences on their choice of friends while it maintains the role of the social context in structuring that choice.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: It is spelled out the managerial implications of having differently anchored people in an organization what kind of work, pay and benefits, supervision, and form of recognition is appropriate for people with different career anchors.
Abstract: : This paper reviews recent research done on career anchors and spells out the managerial implications of having differently anchored people in an organization. What kind of work, pay and benefits, supervision, and form of recognition is appropriate for people with different career anchors. (Author)
TL;DR: In this paper, the relations between interdependence and coordination in organizations are investigated, and the results from a study of 127 work units in 33 organizations indicate that as the level of interdependency in...
Abstract: The relations between interdependence and coordination in organizations are investigated. Results from a study of 127 work units in 33 organizations indicate that as the level of interdependence in...
TL;DR: The causes and consequences of fatalism in a cross-cultural setting are examined, focusing on the ways in which a fatalistic world view may mediate the effects of social class and Mexican ethnic identity on psychological distress.
Abstract: We examine the causes and consequences of fatalism in a cross-cultural setting, focusing on the ways in which a fatalistic world view may mediate the effects of social class and Mexican ethnic identity on psychological distress. We find that persons in the lower social classes and Mexicans tend to be more fatalistic than persons in the upper classes and Anglos, and that fatalism, in turn, increases psychological distress. We attempt to integrate research on the social and cultural determinants of cognitive orientations with studies of the effects of social class and Mexican culture on distress.
TL;DR: This article explored the utility of the classic theoretical statements in attribution for sociological problems, and reviewed the efforts of sociologists to apply attribution concepts in their research, as well as arguments for synthesizing attribution theory with symbolic interactionism and efforts to apply such a synthesis in the areas of labeling, impression management, and accounts.
Abstract: Attribution theory, the study of the causal interpretations that persons give to events in their environment, has recently been a major emphasis in psychological social psychology. This paper explores the utility of the classic theoretical statements in attribution for sociological problems, and reviews the efforts of sociologists to apply attribution concepts in their research. The theory has been criticized regarding its limited applicability to attribution occurring in interaction or in natural contexts. These criticisms are reviewed, as well as arguments for synthesizing attribution theory with symbolic interactionism, and efforts to apply such a synthesis in the areas of labeling, impression management, and accounts. Future research and conceptualization agendas are suggested, along with a research strategy for accomplishing these.
TL;DR: In this paper, social scientists have begun to understand when negotiation is likely to facilitate the settlement of disputes and when it is instead apt to render a bad situation even worse, based on a growing body of work.
Abstract: Social scientists have begun to understand when negotiation is likely to facilitate the settlement of disputes and when it is instead apt to render a bad situation even worse. Based on a growing bo...
TL;DR: In this paper, a review suggests that the evidence does not support the exclusion of cultural universals from research designs and that integration of these four approaches is urgently needed if we are to understand the interactions between culture and biology, between inner and outer, and therefore what is distinctively human about human beings.
Abstract: Contemporary research on emotions has been increasingly demarcated into four self-contained segments: the cultural, biological, inner, and outer aspects of emotional processes. A parallel trend is the increasing hegemony of the perspective of those who study only the cultural and outside segments. Research on cultural variation, the causation of emotional states, and cultural universals is reviewed and evaluated. This review suggests that the evidence does not support the exclusion of cultural universals from research designs. It is proposed that integration of these four approaches is urgently needed if we are to understand the interactions between culture and biology, between inner and outer, and therefore what is distinctively human about human beings. Some research that integrates these elements into single designs is described as pointing the way for future exploration.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: A conceptual framework for interpreting linguistic approaches to the study of educational events and processes is presented in this article, followed by an examination of the methodological issues associated with these kinds of linguistic analyses.
Abstract: A conceptual framework for interpreting linguistic approaches to the study of educational events and processes is presented. This is followed by an examination of the methodological issues associated with these kinds of linguistic analyses. Finally, some representative findings from recent linguistic studies are presented. These three sections answer the question: What is meant by a linguistic perspective to teaching and learning processes? This relatively new and different perspective about classrooms and schools helps further our understanding of what is communicated to whom in educational settings—an enduring problem in social psychology and psycholinguistics.
01 May 1983
TL;DR: The authors argue that such settings allow recruits to import skills, knowledge, and values, and what is imported is called a culture of orientation, and that such cultures serve as problem-solving devices when new skills are learned.
Abstract: : Research in organizational socialization is typically more concerned with settings where recruits are treated harshly than with settings where they are treated well. This paper concerns the latter, and argues that such settings allow recruits to import skills, knowledge, and values. What is imported is called a culture of orientation. Three quasi-ethnographic illustrations spell out these ideas and suggest answers to: (1) how cultures of orientation are forged; (2) how cultures of orientation are carried within an organization; and (3) how cultures of orientation serve as problem-solving devices when new skills are learned. The amplification or muting of a culture of orientation across a career is the substance of a socialization chain.
Journal Article•