Showing papers on "Solanum incanum published in 2010"

Eggplant origins: out of Africa, into the orient.

Abstract: The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), also known as aubergine or brinjal, has been cultivated for centuries in the Old World and is currently a crop species of global importance. Despite this, hypotheses of eggplant evolution have been fraught with controversy. Previous conclusions have relied solely on morphological characters or have been based on insufficient taxonomic sampling, leading to conflicting opinions of the number of species, phylogenetic relationships, and patterns of domestication in a group of related taxa termed the S. melongena complex. The S. melongena complex shows a series of morphological intermedi ates from small-fruited spiny plants to large-fruited non-spiny plants. We use DNA sequence data to show that eggplants arose in Africa and were dispersed throughout the Middle East to Asia. Solanum linnaeanum, a wild species not previously associated with eggplant evolution, is a member of the S. melongena complex. These data provide the most comprehensive evidence to date for the evolution of the cultivated eggplant.

Antibacterial activity of plants used in Indian herbal medicine

Abstract: Delonix elata, Enicostemma axillare, Merremia tridentata, Mollugo cerviana and Solanum incanum are medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These plants were selected to evaluate their potential antibacterial activity. To determine antibacterial activity and phytochemicals in the crude extracts of five medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments like rheumatism, piles fever, skin diseases and snake bite. The antibacterial activity of organic solvent extracts of these plants were determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques against grampositive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Results revealed that the chloroform and methanol extracts of D. elata and methanol extracts of M. cerviana exhibited significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 1.5 to 100 mg/ml. Methanol extracts of M. tridentata exhibited activity only against gram-positive bacterial strains with MBC ranging from 12.5 to 100 mg/ml. Extracts of E. axillare and S. incanum showed activity only against B. subtilis and were not bactericidal at 100 mg/ml. The most susceptible organism to the organic extracts from all the studied plants was B. subtilis and the most resistant organism was P. aeruginosa. The presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids and glycosides in the extracts of these plants supports their traditional uses as medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments. The present study reveals potential use of these plants for developing new antibacterial compounds against pathogenic microorganisms. Key words: Antibacterial, Enicostemma axillare, Merremia tridentata, Mollugo cerviana, Solanum incanum

New 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in fruit of the wild eggplant relative Solanum viarum.

Abstract: Fruit of the cultivated eggplant species Solanum melongena, Solanum aethiopicum, and Solanum macrocarpon, and wild relatives including Solanum anguivi and Solanum incanum, have a high content of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates with potential human health benefits. Typically, caffeoylquinic acid esters predominate, and in particular 5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid. By contrast, fruit from accession PI 319855 in the USDA eggplant core collection, unambiguously identified as Solanum viarum by morphological characters, were found to include several major, closely related hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates with much longer C18-HPLC retention times than those of 5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid and other monocaffeoylquinic acid isomers. Four of these compounds were isolated from methanolic extracts of lyophilized fruit tissues by C18-HPLC, and structurally elucidated using (1)H and (13)C NMR techniques and HR-TOF-MS. Isomeric compounds 1 and 2 are composed of 5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid with a malonyl group on the 3- or 4-hydroxyl of quinic acid, respectively, plus a 6-O-sinapoylglucose group 1-O-β-D linked with the 4-hydroxyl on the phenyl ring of the caffeoyl moiety (1β,4β-dihydroxy-3β-carboxyacetoxy- and 1β,3β-dihydroxy-4β-carboxyacetoxy-5α-[[3-[4-[1β-(6-O-(E)-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl]-(E)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid). Compound 3 has the same structure as 1 and 2 without malonation of quinic acid (1β,3β,4β-trihydroxy-5α-[[3-[4-[1β-(6-O-(E)-sinapoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl]-(E)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid). Compound 4 differs from 3 by methylation of the carboxyl group on quinic acid (methyl 1β,3β,4β-trihydroxy-5α-[[3-[4-[1β-(6-O-(E)-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl]-(E)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate). Some features of these four new compounds, such as malonation and the specific linkages between caffeoyl, glucosyl, and sinapoyl moieties, are common in acylated and glycosylated phenylpropanoids, but have not previously been reported in complex derivatives of 5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid.

Antischistosomal Effects Of Solanum Incanum And Carica Papaya Crude Extracts On The Parasite Schistosoma Mansoni In Vivo And In Vitro

Abstract: In schistosomiasis infection, the disease is managed by exposing the definitive host to a dose of Praziquantel. However, Praziquantelis still not reaching the majority of those who most need it due to its high cost and there is possibility of drug resistance, hence need for alternatives. Antischistosomal effects of crude Solanum incanum and Carica papaya extacts were studied. Patterns on immune response, worm recovery, gross pathology in vivo and cercaricidal killing in vitro of Schistosoma mansoni was observed. In vivo S. mansoni infections were treated with two doses of 150 mg/kg of Solanum incanum or Carica papaya (methanol or aqueous) extracts and a treatment control of 450 mg/kg of Praziquantel. Various concentrations of plant extracts were used in cercaricidal assay. Carica papaya, showed highly reduced pathology, elevated immune responses and least time in destroying cercariae. On the other hand, S. incanum had the highest reduction in worm counts, similar to Praziquantel. Further studies are required to isolate the active compound(s) and determine mechanism(s) of their action.

Anti-mycobacterial activity and acute toxicity of Erythrina abyssinica, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Solanum incanum

Abstract: A Dissertation submitted to the School of Graduates Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Pharmacology of Makerere University

Experimental Solanum incanum L. poisoning in goats

Abstract: A study was carried out to determine the toxicity of unripe fruits of S. incanum L in goats. Dried unripe fruits of S. incanum L, were orally fed to goats at a dose rate of 0 (group1), 0.75 (group 2), 1.5 (group 3) and 2.25 (group 4) g/Kg /day for 9 weeks. Clinical signs were observed daily while blood with and without anticoagulant was taken weekly for haematological and biochemical analysis. Clinical signs started on day two with shivering. All group 4 goats (2.25g/ kg) showed bloat, colic, coughing and shivering while one goat had additional signs of depression, staggering gait and continuous bleating before death. One goat in group 3 (1.5g/kg) had bloat, shivering, progressive weakness, depression, staggering gait, lateral recumbency, leg paddling movements, continuous bleating and death while the rest were asymtomatic. All group 2 goats (0.75g/kg) were asymptomatic. Group 4 goats had hydroperitoneum and hydropericardium while group 3 had hydroperitoneum and fibrinous pericarditis. Group 2 goats had no significant pathology. On histopathology the brain of group 3 and 4 goats showed microthrombi, marked wallerian degeneration of neurons and necrosis of purkinje cells while group 2 goats only showed congestion. Other organs in the body also showed significant pathology. The results indicate that unripe fruits of S. incanum L are toxic to goats and allowing animals to graze on this plant could be deleterious to their health. Key words: Poisonous plants, Solanum incanum, Solanaceae, cerebellar disease, diseases of goats, neuropathology

Discovering a treatment to tooth decay & isolation a new naturally occurring phenolic acid from the seeds of solanum incanum l. growing in yemen

Abstract: A new naturally occurring phenolic acid; 5-(3"-(3', 4'- dihydroxyphenyl) acryloyloxy)-2, 3, 4-trihydroxypentanoic acid [5- caffeoyl-2, 3, 4- trihydroxypentanoic acid] was isolated from the Solanum incanum L. seeds.The structure was determined from its physical and spectral data. Solanum incanum L. fruit is used to destroys the tooth decay which is proved by examined its effect on many patient using specific techniques and also by studying its antimicrobial activities especially against specific species of bacteria are believed to cause mainly dental caries (toothdecay) which are: Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Actinomyces.