Showing papers on "Spark (mathematics) published in 1994"

Direct fire ignition system having individual knock detection sensor

Abstract: A direct fire ignition system for an internal combustion engine having a coil assembly attachable to each spark plug Each coil assembly has a high voltage transformer for producing a voltage sufficient to cause the spark plug to generate a spark, an integral capacitor parallel with the spark plug, and a spark plug sensor circuit coupling to the high voltage transformer for generating a spark confirmation signal when a spark is generated The spark sensor circuit is responsive to a high frequency signal generated in the high voltage transformer within a predetermined frequency range to generate the spark confirmation signal The direct fire ignition system is compatible with single strike or multi-strike modes of operation The system can also generate a probe voltage across the spark plug to test for auto or pre-ignition

The non-spark mode and high rate operation of resistive parallel plate chambers

Abstract: The good time and position resolution of the resistive plate chamber (RPC) make it an attractive candidate for muon trigger systems at future colliders. However, this device has severe rate problems that make it unusable above 1 Hz/cm 2 in its present form. We have investigated various materials and have also discovered a new mode of operation that allowed us to operate the RPC at 150 Hz/cm 2 . We discuss further improvements that may extend operation to even higher rates. We also discuss spark formation and explain the cause for the abnormally late spark signals.

Torch jet spark plug

Abstract: A torch jet spark plug is provided which is suitable for use in a torch jet-assisted spark ignition system for an internal combustion engine. The torch jet spark plug is configured to ignite an air/fuel mixture within a combustion prechamber formed integrally within the body of the spark plug, such that a jet emanates from the prechamber and projects into the main combustion chamber of the engine, so as to enhance the burning rate within the main chamber. More particularly, the spark plug is configured so as to be relatively unsusceptible to pre-ignition, and also substantially eliminates the occurrence of internal short circuits to ground due to deposits accumulating within the prechamber. The spark plug achieves each of the above objects while having a relatively uncomplicated structure, requiring a minimal number of discrete components so as to enhance its manufacturability.

Self contained multi-function engine monitor and timer for providing engine running time, job time, service time and tachometer functions

Abstract: An engine monitor includes, in a self-contained preferably sealed unit, a spark sensor, inductively and capacitively coupled through the case to a spark pick up wire, a timer, and a running time detector, responsive to inputs from the spark pick up to provide total running time, job time, and service time metering. Preferably, storage means are included for storing maximum RPM and spark mode data, that is, data indicating the number of firings per RPM for the particular engine, as well as a preset service interval and one or more auxiliary timers.

A Strategy for the Production of Verifiable Code Using the B Method

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe extensions to the B Method in order to facilitate the generation of provably correct SPARK Ada code. Two strategies are provided. Firstly, a process model for the B Method is stated that allows the semi-automatic production of refinements through the use of standard library machines. Secondly, transformation rules are given for the automatic generation of SPARK Ada code from these refinements. Finally, an overview is given of how the semantics of Abstract Machine Notation and SPARK Ada can be used in order to verify these transformation rules.

Method and system for reducing engine spark knock during a rapid transient

Abstract: A method and system is provided for reducing engine spark knock during rapid transient operating conditions. The method includes the step of determining, at periodic intervals, an estimate of airflow into a combustion chamber. The method also includes the step of determining, at periodic intervals, whether rapid transient operating conditions exist. If such conditions exist, an estimated spark advance is determined based on the estimated airflow. Finally, a spark is fired in the combustion chamber based on the estimated spark advance parameter.

Spark plug with automatically adjustable gap

Abstract: In spark ignited engine configurations, it is common to provide a spark plug that has a spark gap that has dimension that will accommodate good starting capabilities for the engine. In some cases, this spark gap is larger than required for the engine to run efficiently, especially at high loads. As a result, the voltage required to bridge the gap when the engine is running at high loads is much higher than necessary and causes erosion of the electrode and a build up of deposits on the ground strap. Ultimately, this greatly reduces the life of the spark plug. The present invention provides a spark plug (10) that utilizes an adjusting means (50) that is connected to the electrode (42) of the spark plug (10) and functions to move the electrode (42) with respect to the ground strap (20) to adjust the gap (48) therebetween. The adjusting means (50) is responsive to the temperature of the spark plug (10) which will vary with engine loads or an increase in pressure within the combustion chamber (64).

In-beam experience from the CERES UV-detectors: prohibitive spark breakdown in multi-step parallel-plate chambers as compared to wire chambers

Abstract: The UV-detectors of the CERES/NA45 experiment were originally conceived as parallel-plate counters with two-step amplification, an intermediate gate-electrode pair, and a final drift stage towards a pad electrode. Operated in beams of a few 106/burst protons or 32S-nuclei at 200 GeV/u, this scheme was found to suffer from excessive spark rates, even in the gated mode. The origin of the sparks is quantitatively explained by event-correlated slow secondary particles, creating avalanches above the critical threshold of ∼ 108 charges at the required gain of a few 105. This lack of sufficient dynamic range is also present in other schemes proposed in the literature; it severely limits the use of large-area parallel-plate counters for single-electron detection in a realistic high-energy physics environment. Possible improvements resulting from resistive anodes instead of metal meshes are also discussed. The spark problem of the CERES UV-detectors was solved by introducing wire amplification as the last stage. Laboratory tests showed a large increase in the dynamic range, due to a strong reduction (by factors of at least 20–30) of the net gain of the wire plane for high input charges via space-charge limitation. The residual spark rates of this scheme are lower by orders of magnitude and quite acceptable even for 32S-beams; gating was found to be unnecessary.

Sliding spark spectroscopy : a new excitation source for generating atomic emission spectra for analysis

Abstract: In this paper a newly developed technique, the so-called “Sliding Spark Spectrometry” is described The method, with a comparatively simple system, allows direct in-situ analysis of handy, compact non-conductive material without prior sample preparation A new excitation source for optical emission spectroscopy has been developed The basic principle of the method is the thermal vaporization, ionization and excitation of a small amount of surface substrate using a train of high-current sliding sparks The material components in the spark plasma are activated to emit radiation From the atomic spectrum, informations about the composition and the element concentration in the sample can be obtained With the use of the sliding spark spectrometer, a rapid analysis, especially of chlorine containing waste plastics and their inorganic additives can be carried out

A modular design for glass spark counters

Abstract: In this paper a fully redesigned glass spark counter is described. The detector exhibits noiseless operation and a time resolution less than 1 ns. The performance makes this detector a good candidate for large area cosmic ray experiments. The simple assembling procedure allows large sensitive area at low cost.

Method for knock detection for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for knock detection for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine.

Strategy on the use of SPARK.

Abstract: SPARK is a subset of Ada 83 designed for the validation of critical systems. This report considers potential developments to aid the use of SPARK to make the technology more appropriate for critical systems.

Ion current detector

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an ion current detector capable of detecting ion current with excellent accuracy irrespective of voltage damping vibration without soiling and damaging the spark plug. SOLUTION: A spark discharge current Isp generated at spark discharge of a spark plug 10 flows on a diode 28 for charging, capacitor 24, and diode 22 for constituting a closed loop together with a secondary wiring L2 and the ignition plug 10 which constitute an ignition device 2. The capacitor 24 is charged at Zener voltage(Vz) of a Zener diode 26 connected in parallel with the aforementioned elements. After the elapse of a predetermined stand-by time after ignition timing of spark discharging, both ends of the diode 28 for charging are short-circuited with a switch 30 for discharging so as to discharge the capacitor. As a result, a high voltage with polarity inverse to that of the spark discharging is applied to the spark plug. The ion current Iio flowing at this time is detected by a resistance 22 connected in parallel with the diode 22.

Multifunctional spark plug adjustor

Abstract: The utility model relates to an auxiliary device of a spark plug, which especially is a multifunctional regulating device of a spark plug. The utility model is composed of a telex plate, an upper and a lower seats of electrode, two roots of electrodes and a movable plate for power cut; the utility model is suitable for various the spark plugs of gasoline engines. The utility model is characterized in that a spark over point of the spark plug is increased and the strength of the electric spark is enlarged; the position of the electrode can be adjustable; the ignition effect of the spark plug can be observed directly; the utility model has the function of theft protection. After the utility model is adopted, the flame of the spark plug can spread fast and the output power can be improved; the utility model has the advantages of strong fire power, fast combustion speed, fuel saving, non coking and easy starting, and can reduce air pollution.

Material component analyzer

Abstract: PURPOSE:To use the analyzer in a conveyer production system and simply analyzer components of material without depending on experts. CONSTITUTION:A spark generation part 11 for generating a spark from a specimen is provided and the spark generated with the spark generation part 11 is converted into image information of three original colors of RGB with a camera and the like in an image input part 12. In regard to the image information a characteristic quantity of a spark image is learned and estimated with a characteristic extraction part 13 composed of a neural network. In addition, in regard thereto the complexity of the spark is calculated with a fractal dimension operation part 14, relation between the calculated value and a characteristic value of the spark image are judged with a synthetic judgment part 15 composed of fuzzy inference and component information of a specimen is obtained.

Ignition timing controller of engine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent abnormal combustion positively in the operating range of the low rotation and high load of an engine, and provide high engine torque in the other operating range. CONSTITUTION:This controller is provided with an abnormal combustion spark advance value computation means 15 which determines an abnormal combustion spark advance value as a target one based on engine speed and engine load in a low rotation and high load operating range, and a best torque spark advance value computation means 16 which determines a best torque spark advance value as a target one based on engine speed and engine load in the other operating range to correct, the abnormal combustion spark advance value and the best torque spark advance value separately and independently on a different, criterion based on engine speed and intake temperature.