Showing papers on "Standardization published in 1987"
01 Oct 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of standards in the development and diffusion of new technologies and products, and the process of technological innovation, which exerts a powerful force upon the structure of markets and the performance of industries.
Abstract: Technological standards, business strategies and public policy Technological standards and product standardization today are subjects of active policy concern in business and government. Standards have a significant bearing upon both the development and the diffusion of new technologies and products, and the process of technological innovation obviously exerts a powerful force upon the structure of markets and the performance of industries. So it is not surprising that issues concerning ‘standards’, although once quite neglected, have emerged since the mid-1970s as a focus of analytical and empirical attention among economists, especially among those preoccupied with the economics of industrial organization and international competition (see Hemenway 1975, Kindleberger 1983, LeCraw 1984, and Farrell and Saloner 1985b for recent surveys). The direction of inventive activity itself has to be assigned some of the responsibility for this intellectual re-awakening. Modern advances in microelectronics and microwave, laser and fibre optics technology have given heightened prominence to economic and political issues posed by network externalities and system scale economies in the encoding, processing, and transmission of information. Compatibility and standard-setting have arisen lately as central questions in the development and marketing of computer operating systems and software, commercial data or ‘value added’ networks (e.g., TELENET and TYMNET), local area networks (LANs), cellular radio-telephones, and ‘smart cards’ for electronic funds transfer. While these are a source of new economic opportunities, they have also created new and difficult problems of strategy for corporate managers and public policy-makers alike.
342 citations
TL;DR: S syntactic and semantic aspects of this description technique are outlined, used to describe the services and protocols of the layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture defined by ISO.
Abstract: Estelle is a Formal Description Technique, defined within ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for specification of distributed, concurrent information processing systems. In particular, Estelle can be used to describe the services and protocols of the layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture defined by ISO. Its present ISO status is Draft International Standard (DIS 9074). The article outlines syntactic and semantic aspects of this description technique.
317 citations
150 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the impact of standards on technology-based industries: the case of Numerically controlled machine tools in Automated Batch Manufacturing (A.M. Phillips).
Abstract: Competition, Compatibility and Standards: The Economics of Horses, Penguins and Lemmings (J. Farrell and G. Saloner). Standardization in Multi-Component Industries (C. Matutes and P. Regibeau). Japanese Standards: A Barrier to Trade? (D.J. Lecraw). Technology, Standards, and Markets: A Market Institutionalization Perspective (N.M. Reddy). Technical Standards and Competition in the Microcomputer Industry (M. Hergert). Open Standards in the European Computer Industry: the Case of X/OPEN (H.L. Gabel). Conflict and Cooperation in the Establishment of Telecommunications and Data Communications Standards in Europe (H. Collins). Public Policy and Corporate Strategies in the AM Stereo Market (S.V. Berg). Standardization and Competitiveness: Private and Public Strategies in the EC Color TV Industry (J. Pelkmans and R. Beuter). The Impact of Standards on Technology-Based Industries: The Case of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools in Automated Batch Manufacturing (A.N. Link and G. Tassey). Industry Standard Microprocessors and the Strategy of Second-Source Production (G.M.P. Swann). The Role of Standardization in Shared Bank Card Systems (A. Phillips). The Effects of Product Standardization on Competition: Octane Grading of Petrol in the UK (R.M. Grant). Conclusion.
68 citations
26 citations
TL;DR: The history of official initiatives to standardize international migration statistics is surveyed by reviewing the recommendations of the ISI, International Labor Organization and the United Nations and a recently proposed agenda for moving toward comparability among national statistical systems is reported.
Abstract: During the past decade the international statistical community has made several efforts to develop standards for the definition, collection and publication of statistics on international migration....
24 citations
TL;DR: The background organization supporting MAP is considered, the relationship between MAP and other standardization initiatives is described, some of the features of emerging MAP products are outlined and ways in which MAP products will be used to develop integrated manufacturing facilities are anticipated.
20 citations
16 citations
TL;DR: A survey conducted in 1986 to determine the effects of descriptive practice on retrieval capabilities of archive and manuscript materials described in bibliographic utilities found massive inconsistency in descriptive practice.
Abstract: This article is a report of the results of a survey conducted in 1986 to determine the effects of descriptive practice on retrieval capabilities of archive and manuscript materials described in bibliographic utilities. Forty repositories inputting into RLIN AMC were surveyed on (1) standardization in the choice and construction of headings, (2) levels of authority control, and (3) treatment of out-of-scope materials. Massive inconsistency in descriptive practice was found. The author makes five recommendations to correct inconsistency in the file and the retrieval difficulties that result.
14 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: A basic strategy for testing GKS implementations is outlined and progress towards the development of a test suite is reported, which is crucial to the success of GKS as an international standard for computer graphics.
TL;DR: A framework of the industrial robot standardization activity at ISO is given and the organization and current state of the standardizing work is reviewed.
TL;DR: Generality of application along with the language and communications standardization now being carried out makes these systems viable prospects for both new and retrofitted plants in almost all industries.
TL;DR: A snapshot of software-related standardization today emerges from linking subject areas to types of standards,existing and emerging and industry, U.S. government, foreign or international, and existing and emerging standards activities from subject to organization.
TL;DR: A brief evaluation of the applicability of the available industry standards, particularly to larger ASD, is presented and a review of the proposed standards is presented to keep the user abreast of developments in this area.
Abstract: Adjustable-speed ac drive systems (ASD) have come to maturity since their introduction over 15 years ago. It is estimated that over 100 000 units are now in use. At the present time, the available industry standards do not provide sufficient guidance to the user. Most of the currently available standards were developed for uses other than ASD. Also, some proposed standards are being developed but have not progressed as rapidly as originally planned. A simplified discussion of the principles of ASD, their different types, and major components is provided. A brief evaluation of the applicability of the available industry standards, particularly to larger ASD, is presented to assist the user. A review of the proposed standards is also presented to keep the user abreast of developments in this area.
01 Jan 1987
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of standardization is addressed in the context of design guidelines and guided evolution as an approach to design, and some proposed design guidelines are presented, as well as formal specifications as design tools.
Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: Designing for Users, Some Proposed Design Guidelines, Formal Specifications as Design Tools, Guided Evolution as an Approach to Design, The Problem of Standardization
TL;DR: The procedures of the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) can assist engineers in upgrading the quality of construction specifications and reducing liability for all concerned parties.
Abstract: The need for better standards and specifications is a critical concern to the engineering community. A standardized approach to the preparation of construction documents, including specifications, can aid owners, architect/engineers, and contractors. The procedures of the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) can assist engineers in upgrading the quality of construction specifications and reducing liability for all concerned parties.
TL;DR: Two participants of the group developing standard user interfaces to the emerging computer graphics standards describe some general principles that have guided the generation of these 'bindings', including mapping algorithms for names and data types and multitasking.
Abstract: Two participants of the group developing standard user interfaces to the emerging computer graphics standards describe some general principles that have guided the generation of these 'bindings'. In addition, specific examples of critical issues are discussed, including mapping algorithms for names and data types and multitasking. Generic solutions which apply across languages and across computer graphics standards are discussed. The effect on the CAD industry of the standardization of bindings is examined, and future trends in programming languages and in implementations are discussed.
TL;DR: Factors that affect the standardization and reliability of the radioimmunoassay of digoxin are reviewed and suggestions are made for dealing with problems in the design and techniques of assays.
01 Oct 1987
TL;DR: VHDL, Description Language Electronic Design Format Interchange and Initial GraDhic Exchanue Specification/Product Definition Specification (IGEs/PDEs) Exchange may give the impression of conflict in the DA standards arena.
Abstract: (VHDL), Description Language Electronic Design Format (EDIF) Interchange and Initial GraDhic Exchanue Specification/Product Definition Specification (IGEs/PDEs) Exchange may give the impression of conflict in the DA standards arena. These emerging standards may work together harmoniously. Some with this premise. may disagree Are there conflict? overlap and The panelists represent standards developers, users of standards and those who impose the use of standards.
Journal Article•
01 Dec 1987
TL;DR: This study compared perceptions on F3 standardization by the Avionics Standardization Acquisition community and the User Avionics standardization acquisition community, focusing on the STD INU Program and the subset of the two acquisition communities which worked with the STD InU Program.
Abstract: : This study compared perceptions on F3 standardization by the Avionics Standardization Acquisition community and the User Avionics Standardization Acquisition community, focusing on the STD INU Program and the subset of the two acquisition communities which worked with the STD INU Program. A survey addressed perceptions on: the effect of F3 standardization on acquisition costs, logistics support costs, mission availability, the inertial industrial base, new technology insertion, reliability, and achieving Program Management Directive objectives; the costs and benefits of F3 standardization and whether or not the benefits outweighed the costs, etc. The most often mentioned benefits were reduced logistics support costs, increased force readiness, and reduced acquisition costs. The most often mentioned costs were constant configuration changes, increased integration costs, and numerous aircraft interface requirements. About half the survey participants recommended standardizing at a lower level, ie. modular standardization, for both the ring laser gyro and the next generation STD INU Programs. Keywords Avionics standardization, Government furnished equipment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the different types of optical storage media and their relative advantages and disadvantages, and explain how the present confusing situation, with very little standardization, has arisen and outlines the problems in achieving such standardization.
TL;DR: The aim is to add information on the logical structure of the standard parts from the tables in the “Product Standards”, to handle standard parts on CAD systems and work stations.