Showing papers on "Stressor published in 1983"

Stress, coping, and development in children

Abstract: How does stress affect the coping abilities of children? Is response to stress a matter of nature, nurture, or both? Is stress good, bad, or neutral? From a multiplicity of viewpoints, twelve eminent researchers and clinicians here examine the problems of stress in children. Considering stress from a neurochemical as well as a developmental perspective, they examine a wide range of specific stressors including prematurity, hospitalization, birth of a sibling, deprivation, death of a parent, divorce, and war. "Stress, Coping, and Development in Children" is a work of signal importance to psychologists and to every mental health professional involved with infants and children.

Stress, coping and development: some issues and some questions

Abstract: SUMMARY The concept of psychosocial stress is reviewed in relation to empirical findings on the effects of different types of life, events in childhood and adult life. It is concluded that the concept is unhelpfully broad and that the events need to be subdivided according to their characteristics and meaning. In considering all types of, stimuli, individual differences in response are crucial; so-called stressors may have no effect or may be cither beneficial or harmful in their sequelae, The elements involved in these individual differences include personal characteristics, vulnerability and protective factors, a person's cognitive appraisal of the event and his process of coping with it. The various ways in which stress events may influence later development are discussed with particular reference to the possibility of altered sensitivities to later stress.

Stress and coping among hospice nurses: test of an analytic model.

Abstract: Nursing is a profession with high levels of occupational stress, especially for those employed in hospice settings. This study considered the stressors, mediators, and adaptations evident among 100 hospice nurses from 20 facilities. The research tested an analytic model of stress that included social and predisposing conditioning factors, stress appraisals, coping strategies, social resources, and adaptive status. Entered as sets in a hierarchical regression analysis, stress appraisals and coping strategies proved to be the best predictors of adaptive status. Social resources exerted a more indirect influence.

Teacher stress: Exploratory model building

Abstract: The present paper introduces a conceptual model of teacher stress, two data sets are employed to discover variables relevant to the model, and the interrelationships between the variables are studied through a structural equations method, LISREL. A pupil-related stressor is shown to be the most important antecedent to a state of general strain, mental disorders, and psychosomatic symptoms. The role of time- and management-related stressors is more ambiguous. Swedish comprehensive school teachers show high levels of work-related strain and are, to a very large degree, dissatisfied with their work. It is concluded that the inclusion of individual characteristics other than biographical ones, and of factors related to salary, career structure and occupational status, would probably increase the explanatory power of the presented models.

The effects of smoking and cigarette nicotine content on smokers' preparation and performance of a psychosocially stressful task.

Abstract: This study examined the effects of tobacco smoking and cigarette nicotine content on four dimensions of emotional behavior (peripheral autonomic, electrocortical, cognitive, and overt motor) during both the preparation for and the performance of a psychosocially stressful task (extemporaneous speaking). Three groups of experienced smokers either did not smoke, smoked a low-nicotine cigarette, or smoked a high-nicotine cigarette while they were preparing to perform the speaking task. All subjects reported prior to the experiment that they did experience smoking as relaxing and that they did experience a stronger desire to smoke under a variety of negative affective states compared to a variety of positive affective states. In spite of these verbal reports, however, neither the smoking ritual nor the nicotine content of the cigarette smoked had a significant effect on any of the four dimensions of the emotional behavior studied during either the preparation for or the performance of the task. These results were discussed in terms of previous psychophysiological studies utilizing different types of stressors and behavioral indices of emotion.

Effects and aftereffects of stressor expectations.

Abstract: Is stressor exposure necessary to produce "stress" effects, or can these effects result from stressor anticipation alone? The present research explores whether it is possible to obtain "stress responses" during and after the period in which stressor exposure is being anticipated. In the first study, the expectation of submerging one's hand in ice water resulted in decreased frustration tolerance and increased blood pressure when compared with control groups not expecting this stressor. A second study replicated and extended these results to show that the expectation of control over the stressor ameliorates the negative impact of stressor expectation. The second study also examined the aftereffects of expectations. Particularly, it found that despite being relieved of the expectation that they would immerse their hand in ice water, subjects who had expected stressor exposure had decreased frustration tolerance when compared with either subjects who had expected a nonstressful procedure or those who had expected to have control over stressor termination. A third study, using noise as the expected stressor, replicated both the aftereffect of the anticipation period and the moderation of that effect by perceived control. The discussion (a) focuses on the implications of this work for understanding why aftereffects occur and (b) proposes that previously observed stressor exposure effects may in fact be postexpectation effects.

Effects of acute exercise and cigarette smoking on autonomic and neuromuscular responses to a cognitive stressor

Abstract: The effects of smoking and acute aerobic exercise as coping responses to stress were studied in 12 male sedentary smokers. Changes in heart rate, skin conductance, and electromyographic activity were assessed during the coping responses and a mental arithmetic stressor. Analysis showed smoking and exercise increased heart rate and skin conductance, while exercise reduced electromyographic activity. No reliable effects of the coping responses on heart rate, skin conductance levels, or electromyographic changes to the stressor were observed.

Effect of stress on the acetylcholinesterase activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat.

Abstract: Acetylcholinesterase (AchE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity was determined in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, adenohypophysis and adrenal gland in response to acute and chronic stress. Chronic exposure of animals

Post traumatic stress disorders

Abstract: A clinical overview of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) is presented emphasizing altered qualities of experience and behavior A schema of human psychological responses to stressful life events is reviewed as an introduction to the extensive development of concepts of pathological stress response syndromes: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders; post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic type; delayed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder An illustrative case history is presented The potential development of PTSD in individuals experiencing less than overwhelming stressors is conceptualized

Male and female psychoneuroendocrine response to examination stress: A case report

Abstract: Urinary catecholamine levels were investigated in one female and one male Ph.D. candidate during public defense of their Ph.D. theses as well as during 2 weeks preceding and 1 week following these examinations. Although females, in comparison to males, usually tend to show a weak adrenaline response to mental stress, a threefold increase was observed in both subjects. The results support the assumption that sex differences in adrenal-medullary responsiveness to stress is not determined by sex-specific biological factors alone and that a “male” responsiveness may be observed in achievement-oriented females exposed to a challenging real-life situation. Effects on urinary measures of cortisol obtained from the male subject resembled effects on adrenaline, showing that this kind of real-life stressor affects the sympathetic-adrenal medullary and the pituitary-adrenocortical systems similarly.

Occupational stress: understanding, recognition and prevention

Abstract: Occupational stress occurs in the working environment where the stressors may be physical, chemical, biologic or psychosocial in nature. This review especially emphasizes the most novel and probably most prevalant type of work-related factors and response to them: psychologic stress. A brief historical introduction concerning the development of the (biologic) stress concept underlines the duality of stressors (i.e., extremely unpleasant and pleasant events, too much work and work stagnation) equally cause stress. A section on ‘Recognition and manifestation’ emphasizes the need for understanding the origins and nature of occupational stress before considering its manifestations (e.g., nonspecific behavioral changes and specific hormone level measurements). Under ‘Prevention and treatment’ reduction or avoidance of psychosocial stressors coupled with minimizing predisposing and promoting protective intervening variables are discussed. Thus, although occupational stress might be a major complication at the workplace, understanding this stress could lead to its partial or complete prevention.

Women's stressors according to age groups: Part I

Abstract: This descriptive research studies 579 women between 25 and 65 years of age. In a self‐administered questionnaire, women indicated their personal life goals/values and their satisfaction in achieving these goals. Through factor analysis, six major stressors encompassing 18 factors were identified: namely, love relationships, personal success, physical health, parent‐child relationships, personal time, and social relationships. Stressors varied with age groups, although one‐fourth of all women reported physical health was a major stressor. Women between 25 and 34 years old indicated that personal time and personal success were also major stressors. For women over 35, physical health was their primary stressor, followed by personal time.

Differences in stress levels, stressors, and stress responses between managerial and professional males and females on the stress vector analysis‐research edition

Abstract: This study was to compare differences in stress levels, stress responses, and Stressors between male and female managers, executives, and professionals in Shreveport, Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Houston, Texas. A self‐administered 467‐item questionnaire with multiple‐choice and true/false format (Stress Vector Analysis—Research Edition) was the method of data collection. The tests were computer‐scored. The subscale scores were analyzed using analysis of variance. Male versus female Stressor strength comparisons were done by i‐test. Women in the sample reported a higher overall level of stress, and their Stressors appeared to be primarily familial, not job‐related. Managerial, executive, and professional women responded to stress with more reported illness, medical consultations, work loss, medication usage, and mental health consultations. They indicated greater incidence of mental problems, stress‐related disorders, and positive family histories for stress‐related diso...

일지역 임신부의 스트레스 요인 및 상황과 간호중재에 대한 기초연구

Abstract: This study was done to research the relationship between general characteristics and stressor, stress situation, Nursing Intervention of pregnant woman. The subjects for this study were 70 pregnant woman from 3 clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology located in J city. The data was collected through qu...

Psychosocial stress and ischaemic heart disease: a rejoinder to Boman's response.

Abstract: This reply focuses on the two main areas of Dr Boman's critique. First, his interpretation of additional literature not cited in the original review is discussed. I would argue that most of this literature is retrospective and involves unsophisticated analyses: causal interpretations are not easily supported by the studies he cites. Secondly, conclusions based on the clinical evidence of the ‘Smith’ case are also poorly founded; this is discussed in some detail with some attention given to the severity of the war related stressor and the time and nature of the patient's emotional response to it.

The effects of support networks, marital satisfaction, and stressor events on the noncancerous spouse's perceived state of health

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships between the following: 1) support networks and the noncancerous spouse's perceived state of health, 2) marital satisfaction and the noncancerous spouse's perceived state of health, 3) the incidence of stressor events and the noncancerous spouse's perceived state of health, and 4) the combined effects of the first three variables on the noncancerous spouse's perceived state of health. It was hypothesized that support networks and marital satisfaction would correlate positively with perceived state of health; that stressor events would correlate negatively with perceived state of health; and that together, the independent variables would explain a significant amount of the variance in the dependent variable. The subjects were 49 men and women each of whom was married to a spouse who had carried a pathological diagnosis of cancer for at least six months.

Using Job Analytic Perceptions to Predict Stressor Levels among Factory Supervisors.

Abstract: The 1 inkage among perceptions of the important aspects of the job of factory supervisor and reported stressor levels was empirically demonstrated. Factory supervisors (n=3'78) provided job, analysis 'data and ratings on four job ,stressors: role ambiguity, role conflict, responsib,ility for people, and quantitative work overload. Task factor ratings, KSA factor ratings, and job demand factor ratings signifiCantly. predicted job stressor levels. The implications for ata-based stress management m ,progra s for factbry super, visors were considered.

A review of stressors in the home

Abstract: Stress can be defined as a dependent variable, an independent variable or as an interactive variable. The most workable definition is the latter, ‘the transactional model’. This describes stress as a ‘lack of fit’ between an organism and the environment in which an imbalance occurs at a cognitive level between perceived demand and perceived capability producing an unpleasant, emotional experience and a stress response. Stressors in the domestic environment may be noxious stimuli, social stressors, phenomenological stressors, or developmental stressors; all of which are discussed. In conclusion, the studies reviewed are suggested as failing to consider the large number of variables involved and in addition more work on the relationship between work stress and home life should be undertaken.