Showing papers on "Surface finishing published in 1985"

Electrophotographic sensitive body

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the sticking strength between a photosensitive layer and a base and prevent the formation of interference fringes in an image by making the base surface where a photoconductive layer is formed rugged in a nearly regular groove shape at specific height and at specific peak-to-peak pitch. CONSTITUTION:The surface of the base 1 is roughened and the photoconductive layer 3 is formed thereupon directly or across an intermediate layer 2 to constitute a photosensitive body, and said roughened surface is so made rugged that the height of each projection is about 0.3-2mum and the peak-to-peak distance 1a-1a' is <=20mum. This roughened surface is obtained by, for example, the skimming and finishing of lathe work and surface finishing by a grindstone. The photoconductive layer 3 is formed on the surface of the base 1 directly or across the intermediate layer 2 to improve the sticking strength of the photosensitive layer and also obtain good picture quality without any interference fringe. Further, not only a cylindrical base, but also a flat plate and a flexible base are used to obtain excellent good quality similarly.

Local atomic structure of a clean surface by surface-extended x-ray absorption fine structure: Amorphized Si

Abstract: The application of near-edge, surface, extended x-ray absorption fine structure to the study of a clean surface is reported. Direct evidence is found for surface recrystallization of ion-damaged (amorphized) Si, whereas no such evidence is seen for evaporated (amorphous) Si. The procedures described here are applicable to almost all clean or adsorbate-covered surfaces.

Method for melt-coating a surface

Abstract: A method for coating a surface comprises providing an electrostatically charged powder, irradiating the powder with energy until the powder or the surface melts, and allowing the surface to solidify.

Die of extruder

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent resin from adhering and from polluting the surface of a resin flow passage by a constitution wherein the contact surface in a die with molten resin consists of or mainly consists of chromium, nickel or alloy or nickel and chromium. CONSTITUTION:In order to prevent pollutants due to the adhesion and stagnation of resin onto the surface of the flow passage of molten resin in a die, the contact surface with the molten resin consists of or mainly consists of chromium, nickel or alloy of nickel and chromium. Further, electroplating, electroless plating, padding or the like is employed for the surface finishing of general stock, when the contact surface with resin is composed. Consequently, the cleaning frequency of the die is reduced and the proceeding of the efficient manufacture of plastic molding pellets with favorable appearance quality is made possible.

Extruded aluminum alloy for photosensitive drum superior in cut surface finishing property

Abstract: PURPOSE:To develop an extruded Al alloy for photosensitive drum superior in finishing property of cut surface by alloying specified quantities of Mg, Cr to Al, and decreasing contents of impurities such as Fe, Si, Mn. CONSTITUTION:The surface of the photosensitive drum is cut to <=5/100mu surface roughness of mirror surface in case sensitizer of amorphous silicon and organic semiconductor is used in photosensitive drum of copying machine and printer, etc. Therefor, the Al alloy contg. 3.0-5.0wt% Mg, 0.01-0.12wt% Cr and impurities regulated to <=0.12wt% Fe, <=0.12wt% Si, <=0.2wt% Mn is used. The average crystal grain diameter in the cut surface of the photosensitive drum made of the alloy is <=380mu and the mirror surface finishing state is exhibited, and sensitizer of amorphous silicon, etc. can be used.

Surface treatment composition and process thereof

Abstract: PURPOSE:The titled composition that is obtained by allowing an organic resin containing alkoxysilane groups in the organic skeletons to react with silica particles in the presence of an acid in a specific temperature range, thus being capable of forming coating films of corrosion resistance, good priming operation and high abrasion resistance. CONSTITUTION:The objective composition is obtained by allowing (A) an organic resin containing di- or trialkoxy(alkoxy)silane in the chain skeleton to react with silica particles, preferably silica fine particles of 5-50mmu primary particle sizes in the presence of (C) an acid, preferably hydrochloric acid at a temperature more than 10 deg.C higher than the boiling point. The component A is obtained by e.g., copolymerization of an alkoxysilane such as vinyl triethoxysilane with polymerizable unsaturated vinyl monomers. Further, when it is coated on the surface after chromate surface finishing, coating films markedly improved in corrosion resistance are formed.

Polisher for surface finishing

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent a machining defective, peripheral sagging or the like from occurring in a clutch, etc., by forming a dynamic pressure generating surface which makes up an abrasive layer between a machining surface and a polisher, in case of the polisher of a polyester fiber, etc., for mirror finishing of a silicon wafer or the like. CONSTITUTION:A polisher 1 which sticks a polyurethane foaming layer on a polyester fiber layer is stuck to a rotary surface plate 2 in a flatness of about 2-3mum, while a correction ring 6 making up a projection of about 5-10mum in height is set up on the circumferential part, and the surface plate is rotated. With this rotation, a lot of grooves 7 having a tilt angle of about 0-15 deg. on the polisher surface are formed, and a dynamic pressure generating surface is thus constituted. With this constitution, any influence from the elastically deformed polisher on the peripheral part of a wafer is eliminated so that flatness is improvable.

Defects Induced In Optical Surfaces By The Diamond-Turning Process

Abstract: The development of high fluence laser diagnostics and other methods has resulted in a wealth of data on the surface and optical properties of diamond-turned metal mirrors. From this data, it has been determined that the diamond-turned surface exhibits unique proper-ties which are related empirically to the machining conditions. Among these are optical reflectance changes and variations in the laser damage thresholds of melt, slip, and selec-tive area damage. The plastic deformation of the surface during diamond machining results in a higher concentration of crystalline defects in the near-surface region that contrib-utes to the reflection process. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the nature of the deformation introduced by the diamond-machining process. In particular, the structure of the surface region is elucidated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the correlation of the various observed defects to the physical properties of the surface will be discussed.

Film flow characteristics for direct absorption solar receiver surfaces

Abstract: A direct absorption receiver (DAR) concept offers the potential of significantly higher operating temperatures than current receiver designs However, one of the concerns about the successful operation of DAR lies in the stability of a thin liquid-film flowing over the receiver surface This study investigates the characteristics of a thin water film flowing over both smooth and roughened surfaces under isothermal conditions The purpose of the smooth surface measurement is to confirm the present results with data in the literature The roughness is obtained by attaching screens to base surface The study shows that surface roughness has significant effects on film thickness A simple analytical model indicates that the wall-to-film heat transfer rate for the roughened surface will also be enhanced

Functional needs, machining conditions, and economics of surface finishing☆

Abstract: Two applications of surface finish technology to industrial problems are discussed. The first problem involves the deterioration of tools used to turn large numbers of parts. Preliminary observations indicated that waviness of the tool cutting surface impeded chip flow over the tool and reduced usable life. Changing the tool finishing conditions reduced waviness considerably and increased tool life between sharpenings from 8000 to 53 000 parts. The second case involves the degradation of flat steel tracks for rolling needle bearings in a moulding machine. Waviness of both the newly ground and refinished surfaces led to their rapid deterioration In addition, the hardness of the steel was also considered to be too low for this application. By improving the finishing process, the life of a set of guides was improved from typically 1500 hours to 5000 hours. For this case, the financial implications of the results are also discussed.

Polishing method utilizing magnetic fluid

Abstract: PURPOSE:To optionally select either one of the rough-surface finishing of a surface to be polished and the mirror surface of the latter to make it possible to attain partial or curved surface finishing, by making a magnetic field or the magnetic force direction variable to control the amount of abrasive grain acting upon the surface to be polished. CONSTITUTION:A predetermined amount of magnetic fluid 12 mixed with nonmagnetic abrasive grain 11 is disposed in a recess while an article to be polished is attached to the lower surface of a jig 9, and when a disc 3 and the jig 9 are individually rotated and a coil is energized, an electrical magnet 14 produces a magnetic field. Then the magnetic field affects the magnetic fluid 12 so that the magnetic fluid is concentrated into the recess and a recess section 13 in a polisher 10, and therefore, nonmagnetic abrasive grain 11 is floated up by being subjected to buoyancy, and is distributed upon the top surface of the polisher 10. Further, the distrubuting amount of the abrasive grain may be suitably determined by controlling the strength of the magnetic field, and the abrasive grain is held on the top surface of the polisher 10 by biting thereinto. Accordingly, when the disc 3 and the jig is rotated to polish the surface to be polished. If the magnetic force is made weak, a rough-surface finishing may be obtained, but if the magnetic field is made strong, a mirror surface finishing may be obtained.

Surface treatment of material and product

Abstract: PURPOSE:To form a new sensual surface, by using a mixture consisting of a fine metal powder, an artificial pearl powder and a mica powder in a synthetic resin emulsion in a surface finishing process. CONSTITUTION:A liquid mixture consisting of cement, a synthetic resin and an aggregate is downwardly sprayed to coat a base material 1 so as to form a substrate layer 2 and, after drying, a particulate material is sprayed to said substrate layer 2 by a spray gun to form a pattern layer 3 having a coarse uneven pattern surface and, thereafter, both layers are flattened by a roller. Next, a fine metal powder, an artificial pearl powder and a mica powder are charged in a synthetic resin emulsion and the resulting composition is applied to the pattern layer bya spray gun or a brush to form a finish layer 7. By this method, finish feeling can be changed variously.

Curing and drying device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide creped patterns on the surface with variations in surface finishing and to improve the weather resistance, etc. by irradiating a painted body to be dried with a blank light lamp, a sterilizing lamp, an infrared lamps, and an ultraviolet lamp. CONSTITUTION:A conveyor 9 is driven along a passage 8 of a body 5 to be dried, and the first, the second, and the third device 1, 2, and 3 and a cooler 4 are provided in succession along the passage 8 from the inlet side to the outlet side of the passage 8. A black light lamp 13 and a sterilizing lamp 12 are furnished to the device 1, an infrared lamp 21 to the device 2, and an ultraviolet lamp 29 to the device 3. Irradiation is conducted with said miniaturized device consisting of a small number of constituent members with small consumption of energy in a labor-saving manner, and creped patterns can be provided to the surface with variations in surface finishing. Accordingly, the quality such as resistance to friction and weather can be improved.

Casing parts for clock of high strength

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make casing parts light weight, thin, and high-srength and use them as decorations of surface finishing by reinforcing for a deficiency in strength of a metallic thin plate with high-capacity inorganic fibers. CONSTITUTION:With respect to the metallic thin plate, titanium or a titanium alloy is available from the viewpoint of characteristics of corrosion resistance, specific gravity, etc. With respect to high-capacity inorganic fibers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, or the like are available from the viewpoint of marketability, usability, cost, etc. With respect to the form, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of usability also that various fibers in a prepreg state, and an unsaturated polyester resin or the like is desirable as the resin. With respect to the use of fibers, fibers are arranged in one direction or are laminated crossly and fibers consisting of the same materials and the same diameter and fibers different in materials and diameter are combined, thereby enhancing the strength and the decorative effect of finishing. Especially, with respect to the decorative effect, a casing full of variety is attained by combination to the surface processing.

Raman Spectroscopy Study Of Polish-Induced Surface Strain In And GaAs and InP

Abstract: We report measurements of the first-order Raman spectra of the longitudinal optic phonon from the and surface of GaAs and InP which have been polished by various procedures. Non-destructive depth profiling was accomplished by using different lines of an Ar+ laser. The observed lineshape changes have been quantitatively accounted for by a model based on the convolution of the penetration depth of the light and the skin depth of the polish-induced surface strain. For the surface, although the surface strain is also compressive, the average surface strain is only about 0.6% for GaAs and 1.2% for InP. The inhomogeneous strain is about 1.4% in both materials. Also for this surface the damage skin depth is of order the particle size. For both surfaces we find that disorder is a minor effect for the grit sizes used and the dominant damage is plastic deformation.

Metal substrate material for thin film battery

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the flawless smooth surface, by plating Ni, Cr, Ag and the like on the surface of a steel plate. CONSTITUTION:On the surface of a stainless steel plate or a cold rolled steel plate, a single or laminated plated layer of Ni, Cr or Ag is deposited to the thickness of the plated layer of 40mum or less. As a metal material, the stainless steel having excellent strength and corrosion resistance is desireable. In forming the plated layer, the following methods can be suitably selected by using any of Ni, Cr and Ag: single electric plating; chemical plating; or laminated lating, in which electric plating is provided on the ground plating having the thickness of 5mum or less formed by chemical plating. In the case of the laminated plating, the same metal or different metals can be used. The thickness of the plated layer is determined so that the flaws on the surface of the substrate material are not exposed after the mirror surface finishing of the plated surface, which is deposited on the surface of the substrate material. The upper limit of the thickness is 40mum.

Bend-And-Polish Fabrication Techniques

Abstract: A 2-meter diameter off-axis parabola has been produced using the stressed mirror polishing technique. Surface accuracy obtained was better than 0.25μm (rms) or within about 1% of the intended goal. Further improvement is limited by mechanical factors. Results are presented. No further work is planned.

Characterisation of Surface Breaking Cracks in Alumina Using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

Abstract: Images o f c r a c k s i n p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e a luminas were s t u d i e d by a c o u s t i c microscopy a t 750 MHz i n spec imens w i t h v a r i o u s s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s . The advan tages of a c o u s t i c microscopy o v e r o p t i c a l microscopy are demonst ra ted f o r d e t e c t i n g c r a c k s , and f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c r a c k p a t h r e l a t i v e t o t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e . I . I n t r o d u c t i o n The i n c r e a s i n g u s e o f ce ramics i n l o a d b e a r i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s h a s c r e a t e d a concomi tan t r equ i r emen t f o r methods o f d e t e c t i n g s u r f a c e c r a c k s which are a major s o u r c e of mechanica l weakness. Such d e f e c t s are u s u a l l y d e t e c t a b l e by o p t i c a l microscopy b u t t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h r e q u i r e d for examinat ion i s far s u p e r i o r t o t h a t needed f o r t h e component i n i ts s e r v i c e envi ronment . Fur thermore , w i th p a r t l y t r a n s l u c e n t ceramics such a s a lumina , o p t i c a l imaging o f s u r f a c e d e f e c t s i s d i f f i c u l t and i t is o f t e n n e c e s s a r y t o r e s o r t t o c o a t i n g t h e s u r f a c e o r t o s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n microscopy i n o r d e r t o r e s o l v e c r a c k s and d i f f e r e n t i a t e between them and m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s . C l e a r l y , a l t e r n a t i v e methods f o r d e t e c t i n g d e f e c t s merit e v a l u a t i o n , and r e f l e c t i o n scann ing a c o u s t i c microscopy ( S A M ) i s a t t r a c t i n g i n c r e a s i n g a t t e n t i o n as a p o t e n t i a l non-des t ruc t ive -eva lua t ion (NDE) t echn ique f o r t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n . The t h e o r y and mechanics o f t h e t e c h n i q u e a r e wel l documented ( 1 , 2 ) . B r i e f l y , when imaging t h e s u r f a c e wi th a scann ing a c o u s t i c microscope a t i g h t l y focussed u l t r a s o n i c beam is raster scanned on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e specimen. Any s u r f a c e ( o r n e a r s u r f a c e ) e las t ic d i s c o n t i n u i t y c a u s e s a modu la t ion of t h e phase and ampl i tude of t h e a c o u s t i c s i g n a l which is r e f l e c t e d back from t h e spec imen. It is t h i s modula t ion which p r o v i d e s t h e c o n t r a s t i n t h e SAM. I n p a r t i c u l a r , the v a r i a t i o n cf t r a n s d u c e r o u t p u t a s a f u n c t i o n of d e f o c u s d i s t a n c e i n t h e a c o u s t i c microscope the (*) Formerly with Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WClE 73E, UK 736 1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM V(z) e f f e c t may be used t o enhance the d e t e c t a b i l i t y o f p a r t l y embedded mic roc racks and d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s (3,4). I n t h e p r e s e n t work i t was dec ided t o i n v e s t i g a t e p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f SAM f o r examining p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e a luminas s i n c e t h e y are t h e most wide ly used c e r a m i c s i n d u s t r i a l l y , and t h e y pose special problems i n c r a c k d e t e c t i o n .

Oxidation and hot corrosion of hot-pressed Si3N4 at 1000 deg C

Abstract: The oxidation and hot corrosion of a commercial, hot-pressed Si3N4 were investigated at 1000 C under an atmosphere of flowing O2. For the hot corrosion studies, thin films of Na2SO4 were airbrushed on the Si3N4 surface. The hot corrosion attack was monitored by the following techniques: continuous weight measurements, SO2 evolution, film morphology, and chemical analyses. Even though the hot corrosion weight changes after 25 hr were relatively small, the formation of SiO2 from oxidation of Si3N4 was an order of magnitude greater in the presence of molten Na2SO4. The formation of a protective SiO2 phase at the Si3N4 surface is minimized by the fluxing action of the molten Na2SO4 thereby allowing the oxidation of the Si3N4 to proceed more rapidly. A simple process is proposed to account for the hot corrosion process.

Fracture surface analysis in composite and titanium bonding

Abstract: To understand the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composite materials, it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties of the matrix materials and of the reinforcing fibers. Another factor that can affect the mechanical properties of a composite material is the interaction between the fiber and the matrix. In general, composites with strong fiber matrix bonding will give higher modulus, lower toughness composites. Composites with weak bonding will have a lower modulus and more ductility. The situation becomes a bit more complex when all possibilities are examined. To be considered are the following: the properties of the surface layer on the fiber, the interactive forces between polymer and matrix, the surface roughness and porosity of the fiber, and the morphology of the matrix polymer at the fiber surface. In practice, the surface of the fibers is treated to enhance the mechanical properties of a composite. These treatments include anodization, acid etching, high temperature oxidation, and plasma oxidation, to name a few. The goal is to be able to predict the surface properties of carbon fibers treated in various ways, and then to relate surface properties to fiber matrix bonding.

Manufacture of artificial marble top plate

Abstract: PURPOSE:To eliminate the needs for coating the inner face of an opening after molding operations without changing molds even when the opening position is changed by a method in which a surface finishing material is coated on the upside of a core, an upper mold is placed on the core, and a molding resin is cast into he cavity CONSTITUTION:A surface finishing material 2 is coated on the upside of a lower mold 1, a core 3 of a shape of an opening is placed on the lower mold 1, and a surface finishing material 2 is again coated on the upside of them A molding resin 7 is then cast into the lower mold 1, the upper mold 5 is covered on them, and the resin 7 is hardened in the cavity 6 The position of the opening of the top plate can thus be freely changed simply by altering the placing position of the core 3 Also, since the upside of the core 3 is coated with the surface finishing material 2, the surface finished layer can be consequently provided on the inner face of the opening to eliminate the needs for puttying and finishing the inside of the cavity in the end face of the opening