Showing papers on "Surface modification published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of residual Cr on the adhesion of deposited metal to polymer surfaces is discussed and derivatisation techniques for improving the precision of functional group analysis is described.
Abstract: XPS has been used to elucidate the mechanisms of surface modification of low density polyethylene by electrical (“corona”) discharge treatment and by chromic acid treatment. The use of derivatisation techniques for improving the precision of functional group analysis is described. These techniques also allow the role of specific interactions in adhesion to discharge treated surfaces to be investigated. The role of residual Cr on the adhesion of deposited metal to polymer surfaces is discussed.
65 citations
TL;DR: The surface modification of calcium carbonate filler is descussed in relation to the reinforcing effects on rubbery materials as mentioned in this paper, where the modification provided the filler with good dispersibility in mineral oil.
Abstract: Phosphate coupling agents, i.e., alkyl dihydrogenphosphates containing functional groups such as olefinic, chloro, methacryloxy, and mercapto, were synthesized and allowed to react with calcium carbonate filler suspended in an aqueous medium. The modification provided the filler with good dispersibility in mineral oil. Physical properties of the vulcanized rubbers loaded with the modified fillers were found to be influenced by the functional group introduced. For example, in peroxidecured ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM), the methacryloxy group was most effective, and the mercapto group significantly enhanced the physical properties of sulfur-cured styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), while a saturated aliphatic phosphate was ineffective in both curing systems. Deposition of the coupling agent as calcium salt onto calcium carbonate surface was observed by scanning electron micrography. The novel approach for the surface modification of calcium carbonate filler is descussed in relation to the reinforcing effects on rubbery materials.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two reaction environments were used: exposure to elemental fluorine and immersion in a glow discharge plasma, and the systematic variation of fluorine composition in the polymer phase was shown to have a dramatic effect on the kinetics of the elemental reaction and little effect in the plasma reaction.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, several silylating agents such as disilazanes and disiloxanes containing different alkyl groups and phenyl groups were prepared and investigated for their usefulness in HTS.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ferrous ion induced decomposition of alkyl hydroperoxides in the presence of cupric halides or pseudohalides was studied and intramolecular functionalization with ligand transfer from cupric salts to δ-carbon atom was achieved.
29 citations
01 Sep 1982-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a pulsed CO2-TEA laser was used to melt the surface of plasma-sprayed coatings, and an analysis of the laser parameters on the heat transfer was made: the melt depth and the surface temperature were calculated for different laser inputs.
Abstract: A pulsed CO2-TEA laser was used to melt the surface of plasma-sprayed coatings. An analysis of the laser parameters on the heat transfer is made: the melt depth and the surface temperature were calculated for different laser inputs. It was found that the pulse length must be in the range of 20 to 40 µ s in order to fill up the pores of the coating and to keep the surface temperature below the boiling range. Experimental results on surface modification are explained in terms of power density.
26 citations
TL;DR: Graft copolymers composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) branches and different backbones of poly (fluoroalkyl acrylate(FA)-co-methyl methacelate(MMA)), poly (hydroxyethyl methacriclate(HEMA)-co-, and poly(FA-co-HEMA) were prepared by macromonomer technique to study their application as a surface modifier for PMMA films as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Graft copolymers composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) branches and different backbones of poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate(FA)-co-methyl methacrylate(MMA)), poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)-co-MMA), and poly(FA-co-HEMA) were prepared by macromonomer technique to study their application as a surface modifier for PMMA films. Contact angle of water droplet on PMMA film specimens containing various amounts of these graft copolymers cast on glass slides from THF solution was found to change considerably with the graft copolymer concentration, depending on their backbone component. And there was considerable difference in contact angle between air and glass side of the film surfaces. These results were considered in terms of the surface accumulation of graft copolymers during the solvent evaporation.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the structure and surface modification of a zeolite molecular sieve can be achieved by a dilute fluorine gas (0-20%) treatment under ambient temperature and pressure.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the adhesion between various polymer substrates and plasma films, which had been prepared from either tetramethylsilane or tetramethyltin by glow discharge polymerization and deposited on the surface of the polymer, was evaluated by the Scotch tape test and by lap-shear strength.
14 citations
TL;DR: Physical and chemical ion erosion surface interactions are observed for various elements and composite materials such as Si, B, C, TiB 2, WCCo cermet, and stainless steel which have been bombarded by low energy (50-1800 eV) hydrogen ions as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, surface modification of wood flakes by oxidation with nitric acid has been investigated at three different moisture contents of wood, and two different concentrations of the oxidant, and it is shown that a significant number of the acid groups generated are chemically linked to wood.
Abstract: Surface modification of wood flakes by oxidation with nitric acid has been investigated at three different moisture contents of wood, and two different concentrations of the oxidant. It is shown that a significant number of the acid groups generated are chemically linked to wood. Increasing moisture content in wood has the effect of local dilution of the nitric acid oxidant while reduction in moisture content of wood during drying makes potential oxidation sites less accessible. Thus, two different regimes of oxidation, one of more accessible, and another, of less accessible, sites are observed. The nature of the generated acid is established as carboxylic, which is capable of undergoing a coupling reaction with 2-(l-aziridinyl)ethyl methacrylate. The catalysis of in situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol by bound acid has also been shown to occur.
Patent•
ARCO1
TL;DR: Mixed vanadium-titanium oxides catalysts having intrinsic surface areas before surface modification, greater than about 40 m 2 /gram are disclosed in this article, which are suitable for use in the preparation of acetic acid by gas-phase oxidation of butenes.
Abstract: Mixed vanadium-titanium oxides catalysts having intrinsic surface areas before surface modification, greater than about 40 m 2 /gram are disclosed. These catalysts are suitable for use in the preparation of acetic acid by gas-phase oxidation of butenes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of lignin in the reactions between lignocellulosic materials and hydrogen peroxide was studied by a differential scanning calorimetry method.
Abstract: The study of surface modification to prepare an optimum surface for bonding is of practical importance for the production of glued materials. Lignocellulosic materials contain many chemical groupings such as phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyls, carbonyl groups, etc., capable of being readily activated by physical or chemical methods. These active sites can then react under heat and pressure, either with active sites from another surface, or through a crosslinking agent to form a glued product. This paper reports the role of lignin in the reactions between lignocellulosic materials and hydrogen peroxide studied by a differential scanning calorimetry method. The results showed that lignin is much more reactive toward hydrogen peroxide than is cellulose, and that the lignin-hydrogen peroxide reaction yields the highest enthalpy. Correlation between lignin and enthalpy, and enthalpy and bonding will also be discussed.
TL;DR: The surface of titanium was modified by depositing coatings of metals of Group VIII, I b and IV b and heat treatment at 700°C in a vacuum as discussed by the authors, and the initial hydrogen absorption rate by the modified specimens during cathodic polarization in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 was measured and the results are discussed in relation to the hydrogen evolution reaction characteristic of the deposited metals, the surface layer composition, etc.
Book•
31 Mar 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the characteristics, structures, and properties of surfaces and discuss various methods of surface modification that can produce improved materials properties, including surface treatment for enhanced bonding between inorganic surfaces and polymers, and relationships between surface structure, ceramic processing, and mechanical properties.
Abstract: This book considers the characteristics, structures, and properties of surfaces. Divides the subject into the physical and chemical characteristics of metallic and nonmetallic surfaces, emerging surface modification techniques, surface structure and mechanical properties, and relationships between properties and processing for nonmetallic materials. Explores various methods of surface modification that can produce improved materials properties. Discusses such wide-ranging topics as the characterization of surfaces, reaction kinetics, the chemistry of gaseous hydrogen embrittlement, the effect of surface modification on corrosion, protection against high-temperature corrosion of surfaces, the effect of high temperatures developed during plating on the microstructure and microhardness of steel, near-surface modifications that will improve the crack-tolerant behavior of high-strength alloys, fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue, surface treatments for enhanced bonding between inorganic surfaces and polymers, and the relationships between surface structure, ceramic processing, and mechanical properties. Recommended for workers and researchers in materials science, surface science, and mechanical engineering. Constitutes the proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference (entitled ''Surface Treatments for Improved Performance and Properties'') held in New York in 1979.
Patent•
ARCO1
TL;DR: In this paper, mixed vanadium-titanium-tin oxides catalysts with intrinsic surface areas greater than 40 m 2 /gram were described for use in the preparation of acetic acid by gas-phase oxidation of butenes.
Abstract: Mixed vanadium-titanium-tin oxides catalysts having intrinsic surface areas before surface modification, greater than about 40 m 2 /gram are disclosed. These catalysts are suitable for use in the preparation of acetic acid by gas-phase oxidation of butenes.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of surface modifications on the stress-corrosion cracking resistance of stainless steel has been studied with the goal of conserving critical metals with the aim of saving critical metals.
Abstract: With the goal of conserving critical metals, the effects of surface modifications on the stress-corrosion cracking resistance of stainless steel has been studied. The stress corrosion crac...
TL;DR: In this paper, low-density polyethylene was subjected to several surface-modification techniques, and the effectiveness of each method in retarding seawater-promoted degradation was evaluated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative understanding of surface cavitation during liquid solvent-induced crystallization (SINC) is developed based on current descriptions of the component processes involved, such as the glass-rubber transition, diffusion through rubbery and glassy polymer, and polymer-diluent crystallization.
Abstract: Open-bath, organic liquid treatments may be used to produce high surface area PET fibers through the action of liquid solvent-induced crystallization (SINC). It has been found that as the treatment bath temperature is increased, surface modification suddenly disappears. For a particular treatment method this occurs at a reproducible temperature, well below the liquid boiling point. A qualitative understanding of the mechanism of surface cavitation during liquid SINC is developed based on current descriptions of the component processes involved. These processes are: the glass–rubber transition, diffusion through rubbery and glassy polymer, and polymer–diluent crystallization. Although calculations of the threshold concentration for swelling support this conceptual framework, the absence of surface cavitation at higher treatment bath temperatures is not explained by it and is therefore attributed to an intervening phenomenon. Analysis of penetration depth data together with surface microscopy suggest the formation of a smooth surface layer interfering with normally observed cavitation at elevated temperatures. Manipulation of the extent of vapor precontact shows that vapor SINC prior to liquid exposure is most likely responsible for the smooth layer.
TL;DR: In this article, a method has been devised in which a small mechanical marginal oscillator acts as a substrate for the material(s) of interest, allowing investigation of changes in specifically mechanical properties to be monitored in situ during ion implantation or other material modifying procedures.
Abstract: Surface modification techniques such as ion implantation, laser alloying, and ion beam mixing are currently of interest in a variety of areas. Such procedures typically alter the physical and compositional structure of materials to a depth of less than ∼1 μm, thereby requiring surface‐sensitive techniques to reveal the properties of the resulting systems. To this end a method has been devised in which a small mechanical marginal oscillator acts as a substrate for the material(s) of interest, allowing investigation of changes in specifically mechanical properties to be monitored in situ during ion implantation or other material modifying procedures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of strong filler-elastomer or fiber-matrix interactions on the mechanical performance of composite materials is examined using monofibre adhesion tests on initial or highly oxidized samples.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to evidence the influence of strong filler-elastomer or fibre-matrix interactions upon the mechanical performance of the corresponding composite materials. The methods of modification of the surface properties such as polymer grafting are described. Recent efforts on surface energy characterization calling on molecular probes adsorption are indicated. Finally, the case of an epoxy resin-carbon fibre composite is examined using monofibre adhesion tests on initial or highly oxidized samples.
Patent•
29 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a solventless surface modifier for vulcanized rubber is presented, which contains a halogen easily releasable halogenoid and a wax-like substance with a m.p. of 100°C or less as main components.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain a solventless type surface modifier for vulcanized rubber generating no noxious solvent vapor and excellent in preservability, by preparing a composition containing a halogen easily releasable halogenoid and wax like substance with a m.p. of 100°C or less as main components. CONSTITUTION: A solventless type surface modifier composition for vulcanized rubber containing a halogen easily releasable halogenoid and wax like substance with a m.p. of 100°C or less as main comonents is prepared. After this modifier composition is applied to the surface of vulcanized rubber, the coated surface is heated to 60W150°C to perform surface modification. As the aforementioned halogen easily releasable halogenoid, N,N-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide and N,N-dibromobenzenesulfonamide are represented. As the wax like substance with a m.p. of 100°C or less, paraffinic hydrocarbon, saturated higher fatty acid, saturated higher alcohol and saturated higher fatty acid ester are suitable. COPYRIGHT: (C)1984,JPO&Japio
Patent•
04 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, an improved continuous hot gas surface modification process for carbon fibres is provided, where carbon fibers undergoing such process are passed for a relatively brief residence time through a surface treatment zone to which continuously is fed nitrogen dioxide and air under conditions which have been found to produce a surprisingly effective surface modification.
Abstract: An improved continuous hot gas surface modification process for carbon fibres is provided. The carbon fibres undergoing such processig are passed for a relatively brief residence time through a surface treatment zone to which continuously is fed nitrogen dioxide and air under conditions which have been found to produce a surprisingly effective surface modification. The resulting carbon fibres exhibit a significantly enhanced surface area and an improved ability to bond to a resinous matrix material while retaining a substantial portion of the tensile strength originally exhibited. When incorporated in a resinous matrix material, a fibre reinforced composite article of enhanced interlaminar shear strength is formed.
TL;DR: Directed energy beam (DEB) processes are increasingly used to modify surface structure and to improve surface-dependent properties of materials such as wear and fatigue as mentioned in this paper, however, the surfaces are usually prepared by machining or abrasive machining processes which themselves may cause considerable alterations to the surface layers.
Patent•
08 Sep 1982
TL;DR: Coating compositions suitable for application to optical surfaces to reduce surface misting and light reflection without creating haze comprise: (a) an inorganic particulate component selected from colloidal silica particles, colloidal alumina particles, or a mixture thereof wherein the silica or alumina particle have a small particle size represented by an average particle size in the range 7 to 50 nm and the particles comprise 05 to 25% weight/volume of the total composition; (b) another inorganic component also selected from Colloidal silICA particles, Colloidal aluminina particles or a mixtures
Abstract: Coating compositions suitable for application to optical surfaces to reduce surface misting and light reflection without creating haze comprise: (a) an inorganic particulate component selected from colloidal silica particles, colloidal alumina particles, or a mixture thereof wherein the silica or alumina particles have a small particle size represented by an average particle size in the range 7 to 50 nm and the particles comprise 05 to 25% weight/volume of the total composition; (b) another inorganic particulate component also selected from colloidal silica particles, colloidal alumina particles, or a mixture thereof wherein the silica and alumina particles have a large particle size represented by an average particle size in the range 75 to 150 nm and the particles comprise 02 to 10% weight/volume of the total composition; (c) 01 to 10% weight/volume of a polymeric binder; and (d) a volatile liquid medium The coating compositions provide especially beneficial properties when applied to thermoplastic films and sheets, such as polyethylene terephthalate films Such films are suitable as coverings or claddings for horticultural growing houses, cold frames and cloches
Patent•
04 Nov 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a graft copolymer composed of a hydrophobic component or hydrophilic component and an anker component is added to a polymeric material and treated under hydrophobiotically or hyphrophilic conditions.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To modify the surface of a polymeric material permanently to hydrophobic or hydrophilic, by adding a graft copolymer obtained by using a component same as or compatible with said polymeric material as an anker component, to the polymeric material, and treating the mixture under hydrophobic or hydrophilic conditions. CONSTITUTION:A graft copolymer composed of a hydrophobic component or hydrophilic component and an anker component, or of a hydrophobic component, a hydrophilic component and an anker component, is added to a polymeric material and treated under hydrophobic or hydrophilic conditions. The effective hydrophobic component is a homopolymer or copolymer of a monomer having hydrocarbon group, perfluorocarbon group, etc., and the effective hydrophilic component is a homopolymer or copolymer of a monomer having carboxyl group, amino group, etc. The amount of the graft copolymer is 0.01-10%, preferably 0.05-2% of the polymeric material.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the ion-assisted or plasma coating technology is discussed as it applies to the deposition of hard, wear resistant refractory compound films, and the ionization contributes to the excellent adherence and coherence, reduced internal stresses and improved structural growth to form dense, cohesive, equiaxed grain structure.
Abstract: The ion-assisted or plasma coating technology is discussed as it applies to the deposition of hard, wear resistant refractory compound films. Of the many sputtering and ion plating modes and configurations the reactive magnetron sputtering and the reactive triode ion plating techniques are the preferred ones to deposit wear resistant coatings for tribological applications. Both of these techniques incorporate additional means to enhance the ionization efficiency and chemical reaction to precision tailor desirable tribological characteristics. Interrelationships between film formation, structure, and ribological properties are strictly controlled by the deposition parameters and the substrate condition. The enhanced ionization contributes to the excellent adherence and coherence, reduced internal stresses and improved structural growth to form dense, cohesive, equiaxed grain structure for improved wear resistance and control.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the problem of adhesion of the coating to the substrate, which is of utmost importance since the expected properties will be lost if the desired surface is removed.
Abstract: Almost every material in use today has a surface which is different from the material beneath the surface. For the most part, these surfaces play a useful role in the service life of the material. Such surface/bulk material combinations can be considered as composites, with surfaces ranging from a naturally occurring oxide layer protecting such metals as aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel to very deliberately tailored additions of alloying elements to attain specific desired properties, as in the cases of molecular beam epitaxy and ion implantation. In tailoring a surface, important common features are: 1) the specific property of the coating material itself, as influenced by composition and microstructure, 2) the interaction between the coating and the substrate, and 3) the problem of adhesion of the coating to the substrate, which is of utmost importance since the expected properties will be lost if the desired surface is removed. Figure 1 gives examples of phenomena which are affected by these three important features of coatings which must be addressed in any application.