Showing papers on "Territoriality published in 1988"

Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History

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Female and male territoriality and mating system of the sand tilefish,Malacanthus plumieri

Abstract: The social and reproductive biology of the sand tilefish,Malacanthus plumieri (Malacanthidae), was studied at Glover's Reef, Belize, where this species occurs in colonies over sand-rubble flats. Individuals each occupy a home burrow refuge and a surrounding home range. Home range overlap among adjacent fish of the same sex is low, and individuals defend exclusive use of much of their home range against all conspecifics except mates (i.e., territoriality). Areas defended by males overlap the territories of up to 6 females; and male territory area is positively related to the number of female residents. Males maintain dominance over females within their territories by aggression, including intervention into some female disputes. Females spawn pelagically-dispersed eggs as frequently as every day. Each female spawns near her burrow, almost exclusively with the male whose defended area encompasses her territory (harem polygyny). Tilefish colonies therefore consist of a mosaic of female territories over which adjacent male territories are superimposed. Histological evidence and observation of behavioral sex change in one female revealed thatM. plumieri is capable of protogynous sex reversal. Females did not change sex in response to removal of one male. Occurrence of small transitional fish indicates that the onset of sex change is controlled by factors other than size-related social hierarchies within harems or colonies.

Territoriality, Vegetation Complexity, and Biological Control: The Case for Spiders

Abstract: We constructed a model of territoriality relating the probability of starvation in a nonstationary, variable environment to the costs and benefits of feeding, defense, and exploration and their variances. The model suggests that survival in a territory increases with increasing food abundance and with decreasing defense and exploration costs. Territoriality, a risk-averse behavior, is favored when an animal's net expected energy balance is positive (see also Stephens 1981). When the expected energy balance is negative, risk-prone behavior, abandoning the territory to become a marginal or floater, is appropriate. This result generalizes that of Stephens (1981) to the more general circumstances of nonstationary random environments. Our model allows discussion of the impact of habitat diversity on the density of territorial animals and on the control of pest populations. By stabilizing the variance of herbivore abundance, greater crop diversity should increase both survival and packing of the herbivore's ter...

Territorial behaviour, forced copulations and mixed reproductive strategy in ducks

Abstract: Ducks (sub-family Anatinae) exhibit considerable variability in their degree of territoriality and in the occurrence of extra-pair forced copulations. A model is proposed to explain this variability. Current evidence suggests that territorial behaviour in ducks is closely associated with mate defence. The degree of territoriality is also inversely related to the frequency of forced copulations, and there is good evidence that forced copulation is a secondary mating tactic of paired males and part of a mixed reproductive strategy. Furthermore, strongly territorial species are restricted to stable habitats. Based on this evidence, it is hypothesised that variability in the nesting success of females, and therefore in the expected reproductive success of paired males, determines whether males will engage in a mixed reproductive strategy or exhibit a strong territorial system. In stable habitats, the probability that a male's mate will produce some offspring is high in most years, and males should therefore strongly guard their mate and not actively engage in forced copulation. In variable habitats, the risk of nest failure is high and the variance in male reproductive success will be greater. However, because the variance in male reproductive success will be reduced if they inseminate several females, mate guarding should be weak in these males and they should pursue a mixed reproductive strategy by actively seeking forced copulations.

Interspecific territoriality in Acrocephalus: A critical review

Abstract: The interspecific territorial relationships of Acrocephalus warblers in Europe are reviewed and compared with those of marsh-inhabiting species in North America. In each pair of species, one arrives on the marsh early, establishes territories, is interspecifically aggressive, and eventually loses habitat space to the later arriving species. The second species arrives later, is less or not at all interspecifically aggressive, has smaller territories or no territories or is larger in size, and usurps habitat already occupied by the earlier arriving species. I interpret the non-agressiveness and the smaller territories of late arriving species to be adaptations that permit them to occupy territories in habitat already occupied by an aggressive, territorial species. The larger size of two late arriving species may be adaptations or, more likely, preadaptations, permitting them to establish territories in already occupied habitat. Interspecific aggression of the early arriving species in these cases seems to be a non-adaptive consequence of the two species possessing features that stimulate intraspecific aggression.

Chemical signalling and monopolization of nectar resources by territorial Pachymelus limbatus (Hymenoptera Anthophoridae) male bees in Madagascar

Abstract: Observations on territoriality and the associated odour-marking and foraging behaviours in male Pachymelus limbarus Saussure, a Malagasy endemic anthophorid bee, are reported. Data indicated a monandrous mating system where virgin females are attracted, probably by pheromonal cues, to male-patrolled territories associated with flowering, nectariferous Plectran- rhussensu lato species (Lamiaceae). One male observed in detail applied odour marks every 30–80 minutes on twigs around a food-resource area that contained c. 850 flowers. This marking behaviour always preceded territory residence. The male spent c. 80% of his time patrolling. Meanwhile, any intruding flying insect was inspected or chased, which caused conspecific males, as well as often females, to leave the site. The resident male fed frequently on flowers within his territory (c. 3,600 flower-visits on fine days), except immediately following odour-marking bouts. His flower-visiting was often released by interactions with intruding insects entering the territory. The observations provide the first example of male territoriality based on resource defence polygyny in the bee family Anthophoridae. The importance of resource distribution in the evolution of male territoriality in bees is discussed.

A Population Dynamics Model for Small Rodents: Sexual Maturation, Spacing Behaviour, Dispersal and Vole-Habitat Interaction

Abstract: An extension of a model studying the population dynamic effects of female territoriality in small rodent populations is presented: we study the effect of adding to the original model a dynamic interaction between the small rodents and habitat quality. It is demonstrated that female territoriality indeed is a very strong stabilizing factor, particularly for species (and populations) affecting their habitat quality only slightly. On this basis it is suggested that granivorous species (like Clethrionomys) are much more likely to exhibit stable population densities than herbivorous species in fairly homogeneous habitats (like some Microtus populations).