Showing papers on "Thermography published in 1977"

Skin temperature during running--a study using infra-red colour thermography.

Abstract: Infra-red colour thermography has been used to visualize skin temperatures in two athletes standing and running in an outdoor environment at 20 degrees C and in a climatic chamber at 11 degrees C. Temperature distributions and changes have been recorded on film and analysed. Mean skin temperatures determined by this method have been compared with skin temperatures obtained with a probe thermocouple. During running, skin temperatures were higher over muscles than over other structures and the distribution differed dramatically from that observed before exercise. Regional mean skin temperatures obtained by thermography differed by up to 4 degrees C from those obtained with the thermocouple probe. Overall mean skin temperatures obtained by both methods agreed to within 1-5 degrees C.

Detection of breast cancer by microwave radiometry

Abstract: A microwave radiometer at 3.3 GHz was used to map thermal radiation from the human body. As is true of infrared thermography, regions of high or low brightness may be associated with pathological conditions, such as malignant tumors or vascular blocks. Microwave radiometry has coarser spatial resolution than infrared thermography (∼cm2 rather than ∼mm2 ), but greater sensitivity to deep tissue temperature (∼cm rather than ∼0.1 mm) because of the relative transparency of tissues at microwave frequencies. Temperature resolution is comparable (0.1 °C). Clinical application to detection of breast cancer was attempted with a dielectric-filled waveguide antenna and a point-by-point mapping technique with over 2000 patients, including 26 with cancer. True-positive and true-negative rates of detection in excess of 70% were found. These rates are comparable with that obtained by infrared thermography but are inferior to xero-mammographic rates of detection for the same set of patients. Combining the microwave and infrared thermographic data, the true-positive detection rate becomes 96% based on 26 cases.

The objective corroboration of back pain through thermography.

Abstract: The potential usefulness of thermography as an aid to the diagnosis of neuro-musculo-skeletal disease in occupational settings is discussed. The characteristics of the infrared spectrum are briefly outlinded, followed by a description of basic concepts and technics necessary to ensure reproducible results. A pilot study demonstrating the association between thermographic changes and back pain is presented. Findings are compared with normal thermograms and are statistically evaluated. Thermography seems to have the potential to be developed into a useful tool of occupational medicine in general.

Medical applications of thermography

Abstract: Areas of use of thermal imaging, heat transport, heat losses, heat generations, limitations of the technique, the equipment used, picture formation, electronic processing and future trends are reviewed

External thermography of buildings and structures as a means of determining their heat losses

Abstract: Infra-red imaging techniques offer the possibility of mass monitoring the external temperatures of buildings such as factories and dwellings on a non-intrusive basis with the object of determining those losing an excessive amount of heat. It is shown that typically external surface temperatures are only a few degrees above ambient, and in order to relate thermal images to the surface temperature the emissivity of the material must be accurately known. Emissivities of common building materials in the range 2 - 5.6 μ have been determined and are tabulated.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The Applicability of Infrared Thermography in the Detection of Delamination in Bridge Decks

Abstract: The use of infrared thermography to very accurately define variations in surface temperatures was evaluated as a means of identifying delaminated areas caused by corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks It was found that because of the vast differences in the volumetric heats of the solid concrete and the air in the cracks around a delaminated area, the separated concrete was warmer when exposed to solar heating than was the adjacent sound material Differences in the temperatures of the deck surface, shown in various shades or colors on a cathode-ray tube, were photographed to provide a permanent graphic record of the location of the warmer, distressed areas In a comparative study of infrared thermography and conventional deck evaluation techniques, including the sounding of the surface with a hammer and chain drag and the use of a rolling delamination detector, all methods were found generally satisfactory on locating severe to medium delaminations However, the infrared thermography procedure had an important advantage in disclosing incipient delaminations, those in which the cracking is confined to the close vicinity of the reinforcing steel In every case the thermographic technique seemed to provide better detailed records of the delaminated areas, which were confirmed by coring of the concrete The rationale behind the use of thermography for detecting delaminations, a brief description of the technique, and a discussion of some experimental results are provided

Thermographic field studies on leaf temperature

Abstract: The temperature of small birches was measured by thermography during the day at a mountain moor locality at Storhogna, Hariedalen, Sweden, 18 July and 15 August and in alocality of similarappearance at sea-level atAlnon, Medelpad, Sweden, 21-22July. Radiation was found to be the most important factor influencing leaf temperature. During the day a temperature gradient existed in different parts of the birch. Leaves were warmer towards the edges and cooler in the centre. At night a temperature gradient in the birch at sea-level was still present but not in the mountain birch. The thermal response of the birch at Storhogna to changes in weather conditions was sluggish in August compared with July.

Microwave Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for the Detection of Cancer (Abstract)

Abstract: Microwave thermography is the noninvasive detection of subcutaneous temperatures. Measurements at 1.3 and 3.3 GHz on several thousand patients in a breast cancer detection clinic show a true-positive detection rate of seventy percent and when combined with infrared thermography a rate of ninety percent is obtained.

Quantitative Medical Thermography

Abstract: The human body is an efficient radiator. Infra red energy can be detected and displayed to provide a thermal map of the skin surface. Many biological factors control skin temperature, and strict control of technique is essential, to establish meaningful measurements. A variety of options in instrumentation are currently available including computerised data processing. Temperature abnormalities may be used to aid diagnosis, and monitor treatment. Thermography can be used to indicate changes in thermal pattern, temperature range, and response to a stimulation test. In articular joint diseases, metabolic disorders, and circulatory diseases the value of quantitative thermography has been demonstrated.

Infrared thermography of buildings : an annotated bibliography

Abstract: : This report summarizes a review of the current literature on the new subject of infrared thermography of buildings. Infrared thermography of buildings (IRTB) uses a thermal imaging scanner to detect heat loss, structural defects, moisture, and other anomalies in building envelopes. Photographs of the imagery called thermograms provide hard copy documentation of faults detected. Thirty-four references are abstracted, covering research and development, roof moisture surveys, and qualitative/quantitative field surveys. The readily obtainable sources were chosen for their practical approach to providing potential users who are not scientifically oriented with an opportunity to quickly grasp the value of this new technology. (Author)

Environmental physiology and thermography

Abstract: Recent uses of infrared colour thermography in environmental physiology are outlined. These include analysis of the normal thermogram and recording, on colour cine film, the temperature changes that occur during exercise. Skin temperatures in warm ambient conditions and during exposure to direct sunlight have also been recorded and the cooling effect of a hot drink in warm weather has been demonstrated. The use of thermography to assess the effectiveness of garments for use in the harsh conditions beneath hovering helicopters is described.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Infrared Thermography of Buildings: Qualitative Analysis of Window Infiltration Loss, Federal Office Building, Burlington, Vermont.

Abstract: : An interior, infrared thermographic survey of single-pane, aluminum-frame, projected windows was performed to pinpoint locations of excessive infiltration. Infrared thermographic inspection accomplishes this more quickly and more accurately than conventional techniques of studying window infiltration. This report presents 32 thermograms and photographs which in many cases dramatically illustrate infiltrations (1) around the mullions, (2) along the top opening cracks, and (3) under the frame/sill interfaces. Poor glazing seals were easily detected and the exact points of glass/frame leakages were pinpointed. Plumes of warm air on the window glass, rising from the convectors, were dramatically captured by the infrared camera system. In several cases, the plumes were noted 12 fr. above the convectors on the top window panels. Heat loss from the convectors was noted through the walls of the building in thermograms taken from the outside. Several recommendations were prepared for the General Services Administration, owner of this Federal Office Building in Burlington, Vermont. (Author)

Standard Reference Lenses For The Infrared

Abstract: The design and construction of a standard reference lens for testing MTF equipment operating in the thermal band (2 to 14 μm) is described. The results of some preliminary measurements with the lens are reported and discussed.