Showing papers on "Underdevelopment published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used panel regression analysis to assess the validity of the three perspectives in 61 underdeveloped countries between 1960 and 1980 and found that the modernization theory attracts people to urban areas where they work in modern-sector employment that facilitates national economic expansion.
Abstract: The causes and effects of 3rd World urbanization have been addressed in theories of modernization urban bias and economic dependency but no single cross-national study has tested the arguments advanced by all 3 theories This paper uses panel regression analysis to assess the validity of the 3 perspectives in 61 underdeveloped countries between 1960 and 1980 The modernization theory asserts that industrial employment attracts people to urban areas where they work in modern-sector employment that facilitates national economic expansion The urban bias theory posits that the disparity in welfare between country and city increases rural-to-urban migration and thereby expands both urbanization and service/informal employment Dependency and world-system arguments assert that foreign investment promotes both urbanization and service/informal labor with foreign investment in agriculture pushing farmers townward and foreign investment in urban manufacturing pulling them there Results suggest that underdeveloped nations are experiencing a gradual transition from an agrarian to a service and informal economy a transformation that impedes economic expansion Unfavorable agricultural conditions alone will not push rural citizens to urban areas 2 theories help explain the relationship between relatives urbanization and economic growth If future studies of urbanization and underdevelopment are going to be useful then they must transcend current theoretical and ideological particularism
172 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of under-development in China is discussed, and the historical setting theories of underdevelopment class structure and the development process are discussed, as well as an overview of Chinese development in the socialist era.
Abstract: Part 1 The analytical framework: class structure and the development process. Part 2 The development of underdevelopment in China: the historical setting theories of underdevelopment class structure and the development of underdevelopment. Part 3 Economic development in the socialist era: an overview of Chinese development in the socialist era industrial development agricultural development economic reform and development strategy the transition to socialism.
40 citations
TL;DR: Pressure on private health care institutions to adhere to a more bottom-line approach is viewed in the light of an overall attempt by government to divert public capital into private sector coffers, a trend that is particularly significant because of the ongoing concentration and centralization within the delivery system.
Abstract: Failure of hospitals in urban areas is a well documented, spreading phenomenon that is resulting in decreased care for the medically indigent. As financial conditions force greater closures and cutbacks among providers, this dismantling of institutions that have historically served the unfortunate deepens the crisis in access to medical care. In this article, pressure on private health care institutions to adhere to a more bottom-line approach is viewed in the light of an overall attempt by government to divert public capital into private sector coffers, a trend that is particularly significant because of the ongoing concentration and centralization within the delivery system. Set in a historical analysis of the corporatization of health care, a case is made to reveal the underdevelopment of public hospitals, certain urban voluntary institutions, and community-based clinics, i.e., those institutions left to serve the most needy, in the face of rampant financial success by proprietary providers catering to...
30 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The failure of higher education institutions in the two societies to meet the goals that have been set for them cannot only be attributed to weaknesses in the universities themselves, although these do matter; the failure is an aspect of the structures of underdevelopment of the societies in which they have grown as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The system of higher education in Turkey displays many formal parallels with that of Egypt. Both societies have attempted to develop universities modelled on those of the West but in conditions which are entirely unfavourable for the success of such developments. Except in the case of a few institutions internationally recognised for their research and teaching the universities of Egypt and Turkey, though straining towards a Western ideal, fall far short of realising it. In the course of seeking such recognition they may well have contributed less effectively to the development of the two societies than had been hoped. The failure of higher education institutions in the two societies to meet the goals that have been set for them cannot only be attributed to weaknesses in the universities themselves, although these do matter; the failure is an aspect of the structures of underdevelopment of the societies in which they have grown.
25 citations
TL;DR: The authors argued that the main focus of attention among psychologists in this region should be directed at the poverty and underdevelopment that characterize most Black areas in Southern Africa, and they further pointed out the main cause of this underdevelopment lies in cultural factors, which account for a mismatch between the Westernoriented organizations found in the region and the traditional African culture that characterizes most Black members of these organizations.
Abstract: This paper attempts to make a contribution to the on‐going debate among psychologists in Southern Africa about the relevance of their discipline to the social problems of this region. It argues that the main focus of attention among psychologists in this region should be directed at the poverty and underdevelopment that characterize most Black areas in Southern Africa. The paper further argues that the main cause of this poverty and underdevelopment lies in cultural factors, which account for a ‘person‐environment mismatch’ between the Western‐oriented organizations found in the region and the traditional African culture that characterizes most Black members of these organizations. It describes the main differences between Western and traditional African culture and considers whether psychologists and other behavioural scientists interested in contributing towards a solution of this problem, should attempt to Westernize the Africans or to Africanize the organizations.
23 citations
01 Sep 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, emerging regional implications of the Gorbachev economic policy are outlined through examination of guidelines of the Twelfth five-year plan and geography's role in it, and the cancellation and slowdown, respectively, of north-south water transfer schemes and BAM-AYaM railroad construction efforts.
Abstract: Emerging regional implications of the Gorbachev economic policy are outlined through examination of guidelines of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan and geography's role in it, and the cancellation and slowdown, respectively, of north-south water transfer schemes and BAM-AYaM railroad construction efforts. Fusion of growth pole concepts with tenets of dialectical materialism provides a theoretical justification for concentration of investment and R&D activity in the European USSR, although relative underdevelopment of Soviet innovation diffusion theory leaves a meager framework for guiding the subsequent dissemination of new equipment and technologies. Impacts of the new Enterprise Law of June 30, 1987 are not yet clear.
14 citations
TL;DR: For example, during the two decades of military dictatorship that began in 1964, Brazil has seen a gigantic capitalist development, affecting both the rural and the urban areas as discussed by the authors, which has aggravated regional disparities (between the industrial South and the hungry Northeast), social inequalities (the rich became richer and the poor poorer); and economic dependency, evidenced in the astronomic growth of the foreign debt.
Abstract: During the two decades of military dictatorship that began in 1964, Brazil has seen gigantic capitalist development, affecting both the rural and the urban areas. In agriculture, large-scale capitalist production for the international market (in sugar, soy, beef) expanded greatly, expelling from the land small farmers, sharecroppers, and tenant farmers; the results were a growing proletarization of the rural labor force and massive migration to the towns. In some of the larger cities (particularly Sao Paulo) a vast process of industrialization has occurred, promoted mainly by multinational enterprises (automobile, steel, and chemical industries). This transformation of the Brazilian economy and society, however, took the classic form of "the development of underdevelopment" (to use Andre Gunder Franks's well-known phrase): it has aggravated regional disparities (between the industrial South and the hungry Northeast), social inequalities (the rich became richer and the poor poorer); and economic dependency, evidenced in the astronomic growth of the foreign debt. Moreover, large sections of the rural migrants were not absorbed by the modern (labor-saving) industry and have constituted a mass of poor shantytown dwellers, living a hand-to-mouth existenceeuphemistically called "the informal sector" by academic political economy. Those who were excluded from the profits of capitalist development-the urban workers and unemployed, the impoverished rural semiproletariat, ruined professionals hard-hit by inflation-grew increasingly hostile to the military regime. At first, they supported the opposition movement led by the liberal bourgeoisie (Movimento
13 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, Cole discusses some aspects of development, including the disparities in global patterns of production and consumption, the exhaustion of non-renewable resources and the destruction of the natural environment.
Abstract: John Cole discusses some aspects of development, including the disparities in global patterns of production and consumption, the exhaustion of non-renewable resources and the destruction of the natural environment.
12 citations
Journal Article•
10 citations
TL;DR: The most recent studies of these areas have highlighted the continuity and diversity among African agricultural producers despite the land and labour demands of settler sectors as well as the constraints on the production of African smallholders imposed by the policies of colonial states as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Within the last decade or so, historians have devoted considerable attention to problems of economic development of areas of colonial Africa where large European settler communities developed. The most recent studies of these areas have highlighted the continuity and diversity among African agricultural producers despite the land and labour demands of settler sectors as well as the constraints on the production of African smallholders imposed by the policies of colonial states. 2 This contrasts substantially with the earlier view, advanced by Arrighi and subject to considerable debate in the 1970s, which held that colonial policies and seLtler demands undermined African producers and led to 'underdevelopment' and to 'rural poverty'. I Newer historiography suggests that some rural producers did very well and a prosperous group of small and middling peasants flourished even as many former peasants were forced into marginal production and wage labour as migrants or rural workers. 4
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a model of underdevelopment based on the depletion of the energy values in natural resources in tropical rain forests, and showed how 350 years of resource extraction has periodically enriched the dominant classes while disrupting the basin's ecology and impoverishing its social fabric.
Abstract: Tropical rain forests have tantalized adventurers, travelers, and policymakers for centuries. Covered by biologically productive vegetation,1 rain forests have kindled dreams of boundless mineral and agricultural wealth, dreams that have never come to fruition. Indeed, these regions have generally remained sparsely populated and largely impoverished. In recent decades, development efforts in rain forests, such as Amazonia, have been redoubled. Motivated by the dreams, these efforts also elicit the nightmare of irreversible ecological destruction of worldwide consequence. In Underdeveloping the Amazon, Stephen G. Bunker attempts to show how 350 years of resource extraction has periodically enriched the dominant classes while disrupting the basin's ecology and impoverishing its social fabric.2 Drawing on ecological theory, he proposes a novel model of underdevelopment based on the depletion of the energy values in natural resources. Bunker's ambitious study of Brazilian Amazonia addresses three questions of general interest about resource-based development. First, what is the importance of natural resources in regional economic development? Second, what insights into resource-based development can be gained from ecology? Third, under what conditions does the implementation of centrally developed programs succeed in peripheral resource frontiers where conditions are different? There is no necessary connection between the answers to these questions, and Bunker addresses them separately. The first two questions touch on the "limits to growth" controversy.3
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that it is possible to intervene effectively in the fields of health, nutrition, education and sanitation, and achieve substantial progress even though underdevelopment and proverty have not yet disappeared.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the political, economic, and strategic nature of Soviet interests and analyses their implications and assess the impact that Sino-Soviet tension has had on relations with the Third World and consider the Soviet Union's view of the North-South dialogue.
Abstract: Soviet policy towards Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America is a key factor in the relationship between the superpowers and in international affairs generally. This book, which is the result of a study group convened at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, describes the political, economic and strategic nature of Soviet interests and analyses their implications. The authors examine Soviet links with the Third World through arms sales and trade. They assess the impact that Sino-Soviet tension has had on relations with the Third World, and consider the Soviet Union's view of the North-South dialogue. They also study how the Soviet leadership has had to adopt specific policies to suit conditions in different countries and how it has handled internal underdevelopment in Soviet Central Asia. The picture of Soviet policy that emerges is not one of thrusting and successful pursuit of world domination, but one of caution and cost-consciousness.
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Social marketing is defined as selling a product such as oral rehydration salts or immunization through mass media derived from the practice of marketing commodities in developed countries as mentioned in this paper, which is the opposite of small scale dialogue approaches involving specific local problem-solving.
Abstract: Social marketing is defined as selling a product such as oral rehydration salts or immunization through mass media derived from the practice of marketing commodities in developed countries. It is the opposite of small scale dialogue approaches involving specific local problem-solving. Although many situations can apply social marketing well depending on how the result is evaluated doubts are raised on several issues. Social marketing is focused on a product rather than a process. It works by one-way communication is modeled on the "quick fix" and its product is incapable of being modified by feedback. It has no possibility of tapping skill knowledge or ethnic diversity of local villages or squatter communities. It is targeted at individuals thus it fragments rather than cross-fertilizes small group processes. It reinforces the urban bias that fosters underdevelopment. Social marketing should not be blindly accepted as an imperative pushing other modes of communication aside.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The history of rural poverty is, of course, part of the history of under-development, and the origin of the types of poverty observable today forms part of what Andre Gunder Frank calls "the development of underdevelopment".
Abstract: Rural poverty cannot be studied in isolation. It has an historical origin and setting which simultaneously connect the present to the past and establish boundaries to what is possible in future. The history of rural poverty is, of course, part of the history of under-development and the origin of the types of rural poverty observable today forms part of what Andre Gunder Frank calls ‘the development of underdevelopment’.1 Accordingly we begin this chapter with a brief discussion of underdevelopment in an historical context.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that unequal exchange is inherent in the reproduction of capitalist relations and development on a national and international scale, and that it is a reflection, not an explanation, of the underdevelopment of the world.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: It is argued that given existing patterns of mortality and morbidity in Third World countries, the concepts and the technology of the biomedical model must still be a crucial part of any effective strategy of primary health care.
Abstract: WHO and others have emphasized the potential of traditional medicines in solving the health problems of underdeveloped countries. This reflects the widespread critiques of Western scientific medicine and the increasing popularity of alternative medicines in the developed world, as well as the limited resources available for medical care in the Third World. This paper raises problems with this approach. While accepting many of the critiques of allopathic medicine as currently practised, it argues that given existing patterns of mortality and morbidity in Third World countries, the concepts and the technology of the biomedical model must still be a crucial part of any effective strategy of primary health care. It shows that traditional medicines cannot effectively compete in certain areas of diagnosis and treatment, can in some circumstances be dangerous and can detract from the real causes of death and disease. The paper concludes by suggesting that the success of some traditional medicines in treating chr...
TL;DR: The authors discusses the dynamics of sectoral resource allocation in an extension of Ricardo's corn model to a North-South world system, and shows that free trade and capital mobility in the presence of capital accumulation must entail, in the flexible-wage metropolis, a secular shift of resources out of agriculture into manufacturing, accompanied by real wage growth; in the labor-surplus colonies, a necessary expansion of commerical agriculture but an ambiguous evolution of manufacturing output and employment, giving rise to the possibility of a secular contraction in overall colonial market-employment.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors briefly chart the evolution of perspectives on Latin American underdevelopment and show that the more sanguine views lost influence and the more critical began to predominate.
Abstract: WHEN ONE THINKS OF LATIN AMERICA, usually its economic underdevelopment is one of the first things that comes to mind. Annual per capita incomes of less than $1,000, life expectancies twenty years less than our own, infant mortality rates many times higher than ours, malnourishment, homelessness, and unemployment are all too common. Latin America is considered to be relatively poor and backward. Indeed, many observers have suggested that poverty south of our border is inevitable and insoluable. Yet the fact is that Latin America has not always been perceived as an impoverished region. For centuries there were many favorable impressions of the area. It was only with the passage of time that the more sanguine views lost influence and the more critical began to predominate. Even then, there was wide disagreement among those who stressed Latin America's underdevelopment about the reasons for its backwardness and the most appropriate solutions. The object of this essay is to briefly chart the evolution of perspectives on Latin American underdevelopment. This intellectual passage through the centuries reveals something about the changing realities in Latin America and, more importantly, much about evolving world views. At first the Spanish did not believe that Latin America was underdeveloped at all. When Columbus first saw the West Indies, he remarked on their wealth, their bountifulness, not their poverty.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The principles that govern aid transactions among states consequently do not constitute a coherent regime; rather they are fraught with tension and contradictions as mentioned in this paper, which is a major reason why the effects of aid as a development tool, ending poverty, underdevelopment and hunger in developing countries, are seldom optimal.
Abstract: International aid serves complex and diverse political, economic and humanitarian purposes. The principles that govern aid transactions among states consequently do not constitute a coherent regime; rather they are fraught with tension and contradictions. This is a major reason why the effects of aid as a development tool, ending poverty, underdevelopment and hunger in developing countries, are seldom optimal. Development as discussed here means simply that aid causes a net improvement in the rate of economic growth in recipient countries with attention to efficiency and equity considerations.
TL;DR: According to studies conducted by the Human Resources Sector of the Secretariat for Economic Planning in the early 1970's, about 60% of the Guatemalan population over seven years of age were illiterate as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In Guatemala, as in all the so‐called third world countries, the high illiteracy rate has direct consequences upon the underdevelopment of the country. According to studies conducted by the Human Resources Sector of the Secretariat for Economic Planning in the early 1970's, about 60% of the Guatemalan population over seven years of age were illiterate. The average educational level in that same population was 1.28 grades, that is to say, it didn't even reach the second grade (Herrera, 1973:25). This is a serious deficit in the preparation of the human resources necessary for the development of the country. The high proportion (50%) of Indian population is frequently mentioned as the main cause for illiteracy and the consequent underdevelopment of Guatemala. But this is by no means the only cause of this complex situation. Two other frequently mentioned factors are 1) the high proportion of rural population and 2) the ineffectiveness of the rural education programme.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the problem of appropriation of urban landscape by urban petty commodity production (a group of activities normally seen as lying outside the principal spheres of large-scale production in underdeveloped economies), with particular reference to material derived from fieldwork in the Turkish city of Bursa.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Rivista Internazionale di Scienze e Commerciali, Vol. 34, No. 11-12, November/December 1987 as discussed by the authors, nos. 11 and 12, 1987
Abstract: Rivista Internazionale di Scienze e Commerciali, Vol. 34, nos. 11-12, November/December 1987.