Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1969"

Complications of smallpox vaccination, 1968

Abstract: In 1968, 572 persons in the United States had confirmed vaccination complications. Of these, 82.5 per cent had received Vaccinia Immune Globulin. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were primary vaccinees, 7 per cent were revaccinees, 20 per cent acquired vaccinia not by vaccination but by contact, and 5 per cent had unknown histories of vaccination. There were nine deaths: four caused by postvaccinial encephalitis, four associated with vaccinia necrosum, and one caused by eczema vaccinatum. There were 74 complications and one death per 1,000,000 primary vaccinations. Morbidity and mortality rates were highest for infants, with 112 complications and five deaths per 1,000,000 primary vaccinations. Eczema vaccinatum was more severe for contacts than for vaccinees. Although the risk with revaccination is less than a tenth that with primary vaccination, vaccinia necrosum develops in patients with immunologic disorders whether or not they have been previously vaccinated. These estimates, based on sur...

Effect of vaccination of a school-age population upon the course of an A2/Hong Kong influenza epidemic

Abstract: Children of school age experience the greatest morbidity in influenza outbreaks and are major disseminators of the virus. On this basis, monovalent A2/Aichi/2/68 vaccine was offered to the schoolchildren of Tecumseh, Michigan, to control the anticipated outbreak of Hong Kong influenza. More than 85% of the children were vaccinated. Systemic reactions were rare and 94.5% of those tested exhibited a 4-fold or greater rise in HI titre. The occurrence of respiratory infections in the subsequent outbreak was followed in Tecumseh and the neighbouring unvaccinated community of Adrian, Michigan. Hong Kong influenza virus was isolated during a 10-week period, and, during this time the mean rate of illness in Adrian was 3.0 times higher than in Tecumseh. The protection from illness in Tecumseh was not limited to the vaccinated children; all age-groups experienced lower rates of respiratory infection. Thus vaccination of schoolchildren was shown to produce a marked lowering of illness rates in an entire community.

Effect of measles vaccine on immunologic responsiveness.

Abstract: Immunologic responses, both humoral and cellular, following vaccination with live attenuated measles vaccine were studied in 11 children and compared to the immunologic responses observed following vaccination with killed attenuated measles virus and placebo. The attenuated measles virus temporarily suppressed the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction to purified protein derivative for 1 to 4 weeks; in addition, the delayed hypersensitivity reactions to candida, vaccinia, diphtheria toxoid, poison ivy, and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene antigens were also temporarily suppressed for 1 to 4 weeks. A modest depression of total leucocyte counts, including small lymphocytes, was noted for 1 to 3 weeks; at the same time, the capacity of lymphocytes from patients who received live measles vaccine to respond in vitro to stimulation with purified protein derivative, candida, and ragweed antigens was suppressed without decrease in their in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin. Administration of live measles vaccine did not decrease pre-existing humoral antibody titers to diphtheria toxoid or poliovirus, serum γG-, γA- and γM-globulin concentrations or immediate wheal and flare hypersensitivity skin reactions. The mechanism of the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity by live measles vaccine appears dependent on a viable virus since killed measles vaccine had no demonstrable effect on pre-existing cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity or on the in vitro lymphocyte responses. This study demonstrates that live attenuated measles virus interferes with the capacity of the recipient to express cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity without suppression of humoral antibody.

Immunization Against Influenza: Prevention of Illness in Man by Aerosolized Inactivated Vaccine

Abstract: During the A2 influenza epidemic of the winter of 1967 to 1968, commercially available inactivated influenza virus vaccine, bivalent, was administered by aerosol to 386 volunteers to test its efficacy in protecting against influenza illness. The illness rate in volunteers receiving the aerosolized vaccine was compared to that of 269 persons receiving the same vaccine subcutaneously and to that of 1,490 persons who received either sodium chloride solution or no inoculation. The group receiving aerosolized influenza vaccine had 79% fewer illnesses while subcutaneously immunized volunteers had 27% fewer illnesses, when compared to the control groups receiving no immunization. In addition to its superiority in ability to protect against naturally occurring influenza illness, the aerosolized vaccine led to a significantly lower incidence of side effects and to a significantly shorter duration of illness in those few who became ill.

The epizootiological importance of foot-and-mouth disease carriers. II. The carrier status of cattle exposed to foot-and-mouth disease following vaccination with an oil adjuvant inactivated virus vaccine.

Abstract: 1. Fourteen of 30 vaccinated cattle became carriers of foot-and-mouth disease following exposure to virus Types A, O, and C. Nineteen of 32 unvaccinated cattle similarly exposed became carriers. A purified virus acetylethyleneimine-inactivated, oil adjuvant vaccine was used. 2. No appreciable differences were observed among the 3 virus strains in the number of carriers produced or the virus titers of oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid. The number of carriers was lower than might be expected on the basis of previous studies using a strain isolated from carrier cattle. 3. Previous work was confirmed by the finding that the immune status of the cattle exposed to the three strains did not prevent the establishment of the carrier state. Neither was there a demonstrable relationship between the presence of epithelial lesions and the development of the carrier state. 4. Mean virus titers of oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid from vaccinated and unvaccinated carriers were of the same order.

Advantages of aluminium hydroxide adsorbed combined diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines for the immunization of infants.

Abstract: Three combined triple antigen vaccines were used to inoculate infants receiving primary immunization at 3 to 6 months of age. Laboratory potency and toxicity tests and clinical evaluation again showed that the mouse weight gain test is able to predict which vaccines will give reactions in children. The addition of aluminium hydroxide to the vaccine both increased potency and reduced the tendency to cause reactions. Assays on sera showed that almost all children produced agglutinins to Bordetella pertussis types 1, 2, and 3 when the vaccine contained aluminium hydroxide.

Antibody responses in serum and nasal secretions of children immunized with inactivated and attenuated measles-virus vaccines.

Abstract: In 24 children immunized with inactivated or attenuated measles-virus vaccines, responses of serum antibody (characterized by density-gradient ultracentrifugation and radioimmunodiffusion studies) were comparable both in peak titers and in immunoglobulin contribution. In eight of nine children immunized with attenuated measles-virus vaccine nasal antibody associated primarily with the γA and less often with γG immunoglobulins developed; nasal antibody was detected in only three of seven immunized with inactivated measles-virus vaccine, and in these both γA and γG activities were observed. Of eight children with pre-existing serum antibody, six had nasal antibody in the preimmunization specimens. The differences in ability of these vaccines to stimulate local respiratory-tract antibody may in part explain the greater clinical effectiveness of the attenuated vaccine as well as the occurrence of altered reactivity of the host who received inactivated vaccine.

Failure of inactivated influenza vaccine to protect an aged population.

Abstract: Asian influenza developed in 36 of 176 residents of a county home for the aged four weeks after 80% of the residents had received the second of two doses of influenza virus vaccine. In addition, 60% of the residents had been inoculated with two doses the previous fall. Disease incidence had no discernible relationship to vaccination, and failure to protect apparently resulted from low postinoculation antibody levels. Antigenicity of another vaccine was studied in 35 laboratory employes; 21 had no antibody response, and only 6 had fourfold or greater titer increases. Since apparent lack of potency was manifested by vaccines from three different manufacturers, these results suggest that inadequate potency of commercially obtained inactivated influenza virus vaccine may be a greater problem than is generally realized.

Response to bcg vaccination and survival in advanced Hodgkin's disease

Abstract: Thirty-two patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease (predominantly Stage IV), who had negative skin test responses to second strength PPD, were vaccinated with BCG during a period of quiescent or mildly active disease. Of 8 whose tuberculin responses were not converted, 7 died of Hodgkin's disease within a year. In contrast, only one of the 24 patients who developed positive tuberculin skin tests died within this time period, and the median survival of the converted group, currently 30 months, is still increasing. This difference is significant (p <.001) and indicates that BCG vaccination can provide valuable prognostic information in advanced Hodgkin's disease. It is suggested that cellular immune mechanisms may constitute the principal determinant of “host resistance” in Hodgkin's disease.

Trachoma vaccine field trials in The Gambia.

Abstract: The ability of two live trachoma vaccines to protect against naturally acquired infection was tested in young Gambian children. With a mineral oil adjuvant vaccine prepared from a Gambian strain of trachoma (MRC–187) a barely significant measure of protection was demonstrable 6 months after the first dose, but not at 1 year, despite a reinforcing dose given 6 months after the first. In a later trial an aqueous vaccine prepared from the ‘fast-killing’ variants of strains ‘SA–2’ and ‘ASGH’ failed to induce immunity. Two years after vaccination, the proportion of vaccinated children progressing to cicatricial trachoma was less than in the controls, and the average severity of the disease in terms of clinical score was greater; vaccine-induced hypersensitivity may have contributed to this result.Irrespective of whether they had received trachoma vaccine, children with completely normal eyes at the outset were less likely to acquire trachoma than those with slight conjunctival folliculosis or papillary hyperplasia. In children acquiring trachoma, there was a highly significant positive correlation between severity of the disease and the presence of conjunctival inclusions. The pattern of trachoma differed significantly in the two villages used in both trials; the prev alence, severity and proportion of inclusion-positive subjects were all higher in the village with the greater population density.An efficient follow-up organization, use of a slit-lamp for clinical observations, and a scoring system for recording physical signs are all desirable for trachoma vaccine field trials.We are highly indebted to Dr G. Turner (Lister Institute, Elstree, Herts) for his assistance in making the vaccine used for Trial II; to Dr N. M. Lam (Pfizer Ltd.) and Dr C. H. Smith (Evans Medical Ltd.) for making the Trial III vaccine; to Dr I. A. Sutherland (M.R.C. Statistical Unit) for his advice and help with the statistical aspects; to the Pennsylvania Refinery Co. Inc. for a generous gift of Drakeol 6 VR; and to Mr M. Race for his invaluable technical assistance in The Gambia. We are also grateful to the Director and staff of the M.R.C. Laboratories, The Gambia, for various facilities; and to The Gambian Government for per mission to undertake these trials.

Effect of Specific Immune Mouse Serum on the Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in Mice Preimmunized With Living or Ethyl Alcohol-killed Vaccines

Abstract: The effect of prior opsonization of virulent Salmonella enteritidis on the growth of this organism in blood, liver, spleen, peritoneal cavity, and inguinal lymph node of specific pathogen-free mice prevaccinated with ethyl alcohol-killed S. enteritidis or living S. gallinarum was determined by daily enumeration. Both the vaccines and the challenge inocula were injected by the intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes to determine the effect of variations in the vaccinating procedure on the level of immunity induced. The survival percentage observed in mice vaccinated with killed organisms varied extensively, depending on the route of challenge. However, simultaneous organ enumeration studies revealed that vaccination with killed organisms failed to prevent the growth of the challenge organism in vivo. On the other hand, virulent S. enteritidis injected into mice vaccinated with living S: gallinarum failed to multiply and was subsequently eliminated. Immunity in these animals was so effective that a subcutaneously injected challenge did not spread beyond the regional node. Immunization with killed organisms slowed but was unable to prevent the spread of such a challenge beyond the draining node involved in the primary immune response. Neither the route of challenge nor the regimen used in the vaccination had any appreciable influence on the level of antibacterial immunity detected in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system at the time of challenge.

Antibody Responses in Nasal Secretions and Serum of Elderly Persons Following Local or Parenteral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine

Abstract: Nasal secretion and serum neutralizing antibody responses of 22 elderly persons to vaccination with a bivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine by local or parenteral routes were compared. Each 1.0 ml of vaccine contained 300 chicken cell agglutination (CCA) units each of A2/Taiwan/1/64 and A2/Japan/170/62, and 600 CCA units of B/Mass/3/66 influenza virus antigens. The titers and duration of IgA antibody in nasal secretions were higher and appeared to persist longer following repeated nasopharyngeal vaccination than after a single subcutaneous immunization. The frequency and duration of serum antibody responses induced by local administration of vaccine were not significantly different from those seen following parenteral vaccination.

Attenuated rubella viruses. Laboratory and clinical characteristics.

Abstract: AFTER THE isolation of rubella virus in 1962, 1,2 many investigators directed their attention toward studies that were to characterize the agent, define the nature of the disease, and eventually lead to vaccine development. The initial efforts of several groups to produce inactivated rubella virus vaccines were disappointing. Completely inactivated materials were usually not antigenic, and experimental preparations that did elicit an antibody response were thought either to contain residual live virus or to confer no protection to a rubella challenge. 3,4 Early attempts to develop a live rubella virus vaccine were also unrewarding. A number of separate research teams prepared experimental materials from virus strains arbitrarily passed varying numbers of times in cell cultures. 5-9 Unfortunately, these viruses were not attenuated, and recipients contracted rubella with rash and, in many instances, transmitted their infection to susceptible contacts. At this time, our laboratory was likewise engaged in passing strains of

Rubella vaccine trials in adults and children. Comparison of three attenuated vaccines.

Abstract: THE EVENTS of the past six years have made clear the need for prophylactic measures against rubella. In 1966, Parkman and Meyer and their colleagues 1,2 reported the development of a live rubella vaccine which had been attenuated by passage in African green monkey kidney cultures. Clinical trials in susceptible children showed that the vaccine strain was immunogenic and produced very few reactions. Although virus excretion occurred in a proportion of the vaccinees, no transmission of infection was detected in susceptible contacts. Recently, further attenuated vaccines have been developed in different cell substrates, 3 and, on account of the potential risk of nasopharyngeal excretion to pregnant women, most of the trials have so far been carried out in children in enclosed communities. Until more is known about the length of immunity from rubella vaccines, no firm decision can be made on the proper age for immunization against rubella. We therefore

Transmission of attenuated rubella vaccines to the human fetus. A preliminary report.

Abstract: THE CURRENT candidate strains of attenuated rubella vaccines have proved capable of eliciting a demonstrable antibody response. At their present level of attenuation all the strains are known to cause viremia and virus shedding from the respiratory tract, although no transmission of the vaccine virus to susceptible contacts has been demonstrated with certainty. In addition to the potential communicability of attenuated rubella virus from a vaccinee to a pregnant mother, the danger exists of accidental vaccination during pregnancy. This has prompted our studies on the transplacental passage of attenuated rubella vaccines in humans. Materials and Methods The general scheme of the study is shown in Table 1 and the Figure. The vaccinees were patients from the department of obstetrics and gynecology, University of Helsinki or The State Institute of Midwifery, Helsinki. As of January 1969, 32 patients have received by subcutaneous inoculation (1 ml) either HPV-77-DK12 (dog kidney grown) rubella

Vaccination against whooping-cough.

Abstract: are: (1) Potency of vaccine; (2) immunization schedules; and (3) proportion of the child population receiving vaccine. (1) Potency of vaccine.-The Medical Research Council investigations already referred to showed that there was a correlation between the ability of a pertussis vaccine to protect mice against an intracerebral challenge with Bord. pertussis and the ability of the vaccine to protect children 2gainst whooping-cough. Accordingly the

Rubella Vaccination in Adult Females

Abstract: In all but one of 35 adult susceptible females on a suitable pregnancy control regimen rubella antibody developed after vaccination with HPV-77 rubella virus propagated in cell cultures of duck embryo. In 20 of the 35 women signs and symptoms consistent with rubella, including rash, arthritis, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, malaise, and anorexia, developed. The illness was generally mild and transient though knee aspiration and intraarticular administration of hydrocortisone were indicated in one case. Rubella virus was recovered from the aspirated synovial fluid of one woman with arthritis whose knees were aspirated. Two women were treated with oral methyl prednisolone for five days. The onset of rash was 12 days after vaccination, on the average, and the beginning of arthritis arthralgia was 16 days. Recovery was complete.

Benefits due to immunization against measles.

Abstract: IN THE PAST, measles has been an almost universal childhood disease. Although many consider it to be rather benign, it sometimes has serious complications, such as encephalitis, otitis, and pneumonia. Before vaccines were widely used, this disease represented a major public health problem in the United States; an estimated 4 million cases of measles, 4,000 cases of measles encephalitis, and 400 deaths occurred each year. The isolation of measles virus in 1954 (1) led to the development of effective vaccines. With the licensure of the live virus vaccine in 1963, a means of protecting susceptible persons in the population through vaccination became available. When in 1966 iit became apparent that measles could be eradicated in the United States, private medicine and Federal, Statei, and local governments collaborated on a major program to eliminate the disease (2, 3). This nationwide effort has had an unmisitakable effect on the incidence of measles. In 1968 the estimated number of measles cases was 250,000 or about 6 percent of the estimated mean for the 10yea,r period (1953 through 1962) prec,eding immunization. Our objective is to quantify the national impact of immunization against mea,sles. The benefits derived from immunization can be translated into savings in school days, hospital days, dollars, morbidity, and mortality. This kind of information is pa,rticularly relevant today, when decision ma,kers in the $50-billion health services indus,try-now one of the largest and most sensitive segments of the national economy-are all too often forced to base decisions on seriously inadequa,te data.

Evaluation of Monovalent Influenza Vaccine in a Retirement Community During the Epidemic of 1965-1966

Abstract: Monovalent adjuvant and aqueous influenza vaccines were evaluated in a retirement community from 1964 to 1966. In the second year of investigation, an epidemic of A2 influenza provided opportunity to study the protective value of immunization. Vaccine efficacy was shown to be related to the pattern of vaccination. Individuals who had received single doses of A2 vaccine in both years of the study were considerably better protected than those who had received vaccine in only one of the years. The rate of febrile illnesses in the former group was more than 90% below that of vaccinated control. Those given one dose were only about half as well protected. Monovalent adjuvant A2 vaccine given more than a year before the outbreak appeared to protect as well as, if not slightly better than, monovalent aqueous vaccine administered several months before the epidemic.

Clinical and laboratory studies with rubella vaccines in adults.

Abstract: Three live attenuated rubella vaccines were tested in adult volunteers Clinical reactions were mild, but were more noticeable in vaccinated non-immune subjects than in control subjects With the exception of two individuals, all of the remaining 54 subjects developed an immune response; the level of antibodies found was somewhat lower than that resulting from natural infection Though virus could be isolated from some of the seronegative volunteers after vaccination, no evidence was found of transmission of infection

Routine childhood vaccination against smallpox reconsidered.

Abstract: The United States can expect 210 deaths caused by smallpox vaccination between now and the end of the century if present policies, emphasizing routine childhood vaccination, persist. The risk of importation of smallpox is extremely low. Only two out of every three importations have resulted in spread, and only eight deaths on the average have occurred in each outbreak. To outweigh the health hazards of routine vaccination, the United States would have to have a smallpox importation nearly every year. The benefits of routine childhood smallpox vaccination no longer outweigh its risks, and consideration should be given to its discontinuance.

Herpes Zoster and Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract: No significant difference was found between 50 consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis and matched controls in respect of previous infection with rubella or measles and chicken-pox, or of previous vaccination and immunizing injections. Significantly more patients had a past history of herpes zoster compared with the controls.

Antibody Responses in Children and Elderly Persons Following Local or Parenteral Administration of an Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine, A2/Hong Kong/68 Variant

Abstract: We recently reported that the frequency and duration of serum antibody responses of elderly persons vaccinated by intranasal application of inactivated influenza virus vaccine were not significantly different from those seen following parenteral vaccination (1). The titers and duration of IgA antibody in nasal secretions were higher following nasopharyngeal vaccination than after subcutaneous immunization. The vaccine used in that study contained one type B and two type A 2 components. Similar results were reported in another study with younger adults using a monovalent A 2 influenza virus vaccine (2). With the introduction of a new, epidemic strain of influenza type A 2 virus into an immunologically unprepared population, the responses to immunization with a vaccine containing a strain of virus representative of the type A 2 variant causing outbreaks in the Far East are of special interest. Since elderly persons experience a high mortality rate from influenza and its complications, the present study was undertaken to evaluate antibody responses following intranasal or subcutaneous administration of inactivated monovalent vaccine in this age group.

Developing Gap in Immunity to Poliomyelitis in an Urban Area

Abstract: Paralytic poliomyelitis reappeared in Houston in 1968 after a five-year period during which the city was free from the disease. Results of serological study indicate that in 1968 a large segment of children in low-income families were susceptible to infection by poliovirus, with as many as 62% of infants 3 to 8 months old lacking antibody against any type of poliovirus, and with 32% completely susceptible even at ages 12 to 23 months. Comparison with findings of a similar study carried out shortly after Houston's 1962 mass vaccination campaign indicates that a wide and disturbing immunity gap is developing in this sector of the population. There is clearly a need for longitudinal surveillance of polio immunity, and for concerted efforts to assure continuing vaccination of infants and young children, particularly in the lower socioeconomic group.