Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1973"

Protection against enteric disease caused by Escherichia coli--a model for vaccination with a virulence determinant?

Abstract: ALTHOUGH vaccination has assisted the control of many bacterial diseases, parenteral vaccination against enteric disease is not as satisfactory as we could wish1. This is attributable to incomplete knowledge of both the pathogenesis of intestinal infections and the protective immune responses of the alimentary tract, with the result that vaccine development has been largely empirical. New knowledge of the specific determinants of microbial pathogenicity2 provides a sounder basis for the development of effective vaccines and the following report is an example of this approach to disease control.

Airborne Rabies Transmission in a Laboratory Worker

Abstract: A 56-year-old man died of rabies 21 days after exposure to a "fixed" strain of rabies virus. Rabies virus was recovered from the brain by cultural techniques and demonstrated in neural tissue by electron microscopy. Infection apparently resulted from inhalation of an aerosol generated in a biological laboratory during the manufacture of animal rabies vaccine. The victim had received preexposure vaccination against rabies 13 years earlier but had not developed demonstrable serum antibodies.

Yellow fever vaccine: direct challenge of monkeys given graded doses of 17D vaccine.

Abstract: In rhesus monkeys a wide dosage range of 17D yellow fever (YF) vaccine extending to a level even below that recommended for vaccination of man elicited an immune response providing solid protection to challenge with virulent YF virus. Forty-three of 45 monkeys vaccinated with 102.3 or greater weanling mouse mean lethal doses of 17D vaccine were resistant to challenge 20 weeks later with virulent Asibi strain YF virus. Monkeys given graded doses of lesser amounts of vaccine were progressively more susceptible to challenge. With a vaccine dose ≥ 102.3 weanling mouse mean lethal doses, plaque neutralization (PN) seroconversion rates were 90% or greater, whereas hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and complement-fixing (CF) seroconversion rates were unrelated to vaccine dosage and were generally in the range of 20 to 80%. Ninety-six percent (51 of 54) of immune monkeys had PN titers ≥0.7 log10 (fivefold) neutralization index as compared to approximately 55 to 65% who showed HI or CF titers ≥2 log2 (fourfold) neutralization index. After challenge with Asibi strain YF virus, antibody titers of all three tests increaed equally. In rhesus monkeys PN antibody titers were well correlated with YF immunity, whereas HI and CF antibody titers were not.

Immunologic Properties of RA27/3 Rubella Virus Vaccine: A Comparison With Strains Presently Licensed in the United States

Abstract: The Wistar RA27/3 strain of rubella virus was attenuated in WI-38 cell culture, and although it induces predominantly subclinical infection, it is immunogenic both intranasally and subcutaneously. The humoral antibody response to this strain administered either way is characterized by hemagglutination-inhibition, complement-fixation, neutralizing, and precipitin antibody responses closer to those of natural rubella than is the case with other attenuated strains. Those who receive live attenuated Wistar RA27/3 rubella virus vaccine develop a resistance to reinfection similar to that following natural infection without the susceptibility to reinfection manifested by those receiving either live attenuated Cendehill or HPV-77 rubella virus vaccines. The induction of nasal antibodies is correlated with this resistance to reinfection with rubella virus. Intranasally administered RA27/3 vaccine, but not subcutaneously administered RA27/3 vaccine, can be used to boost the antibody titer of subjects previously given Cendehill or HPV-77 vaccines.

Protective Study with a Group A Streptococcal M Protein Vaccine. INFECTIVITY CHALLENGE OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS

Abstract: Healthy adult male volunteers were immunized with purified M protein from Group A streptococci. Type 1. The vaccine was administered subcutaneously as an aluminum hydroxide-precipitated antigen in three montly doses. Control subjects received a placebo of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. To test the efficacy of the immunization, vaccinees and controls were challenged with a virulent strain of Type 1 streptococci applied to the pharynx. The immunization and challenge of the vaccinated and control subjects (19 men in each group) were carried out as a double blind experiment. All subjects were carefully screened by physical and laboratory examinations before and after the immunization and infectivity schedules. 30-50 days after the last injection, the vaccinees and control subjects were infected with the streptococci. Careful surveillance was maintained to evaluate the extent of acquired streptococcal infection. Throat cultures, leukocytes counts, temperatures, and physical signs and symptoms were monitored daily. All subjects received 1.2 million U of penicillin intramuscularly no later than 6 days after inoculation with the culture. Illness was judged by the appearance of exudative pharyngitis and cervical adenopathy accompanied by a positive throat culture. By these criteria, 9 of the 19 placebo controls, and 1 of 19 vaccinees were ill. No residual illness or clinical complications was observed after the penicillin treatment. It is concluded that the alum-precipitated M protein vaccine afforded protection against an upper respiratory Type 1 streptococcal infection.

Neurologic disorders following live measles-virus vaccination.

Abstract: From 1963 through 1971, eighty-four cases of neurologic disorders with onset less than 30 days after live measles-virus vaccination were reported in the United States. Thirteen could be adequately accounted for by causes other than vaccine, and another 11 were uncomplicated febrile convulsions probably related to vaccination. One case met diagnostic criteria for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The remaining 59 showed clinical features of encephalitis or encephalopathy. Causes of these cases could not be established, but 45 (76%) had onset between 6 and 15 days after vaccination; this clustering suggests that some may have been caused by vaccine. From 1963 through 1971, 50.9 million doses of measles vaccine were distributed, and, therefore, incidence of the reported neurologic disorders was 1.16 per million doses. Risk of encephalitis following measles infection is one per thousand cases.

A serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine: studies in the Sudan to combat cerebrospinal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis group A.

Abstract: Vaccination against cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) has regained interest with the use of capsular polysaccharides (or polyosides) of the meningococcus as specific immunizing agents These compounds proved to be effective in the USA against meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serotype C This study considers whether the polysaccharides of the serotype A meningococcus, which is prevalent in the African CSM belt, could be protective in epidemic conditions Taking advantage of the usual seasonal peak of CSM cases, controlled field trials were undertaken in the Sudan early in 1973 21 640 persons were vaccinated, half of them with a meningococcal polyoside A vaccine and the other half with tetanus toxoid as a placebo In the former group there were no cases of meningitis, whereas in the latter 10 cases were reported, of which 7 were confirmed by laboratory tests These studies indicate that the meningococcal polyoside A vaccine is efficient in epidemic conditions and could be used to control outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis

A Hong Kong influenza immunity three years after immunization.

Abstract: We studied influenza infection and disease in school children vaccinated with either 400 chick cell agglutination units of A/Hong Kong influenza virus vaccine or monovalent influenza virus vaccine type B (controls) in 1968, through the third A/Hong Kong influenza epidemic in January 1972, in Seattle. During the three A/Hong Kong influenza epidemics (1968 to 1969, 1970, and 1972), the serologically determined infection rates among controls were 14%, 23%, and 26%. Only one of the 156 control subjects had serologic titer rises in two epidemics, suggesting that repeated A/Hong Kong influenza was rare. Based on serologic data and illness reports from 303 children observed during the 1972 epidemic, the A/Hong Kong influenza virus vaccine given three years earlier was still approximately 60% effective in preventing influenza. Considering that many control children had become naturally immune in the interim, true efficacy may have been higher. Vaccine-induced immunity was also reflected in lower rates of school absenteeism among the 1,516 students so studied.

A Case of Human Rabies with Prolonged Survival

Abstract: A 2½-year-old boy was severely bitten April 1 1969, by a rabid bobcat in San Diego, Calif. He was promptly treated with duck embryo rabies vaccination but not with rabies antiserum. Clinical rabies de

Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa

Abstract: In 1966, nineteen countries of West and Central Africa began a regional smallpox eradication and measles control programme in cooperation with the World Health Organization. This paper summarizes sample survey data collected to assess the results of the programme in Northern Nigeria (Sokoto and Katsina Provinces), Western Nigeria, Niger, Dahomey, and Togo. These data indicate that the programme, which used mass vaccination campaigns based on a collecting-point strategy, was generally successful in reaching a high proportion of the population. Analysis of vaccination coverage and vaccination scar rates by age underlined the importance to the programme of newborn children who accumulate rapidly following the mass campaign. Of all persons without vaccination scars at the time of the surveys, 34.4% were under 5 years of age; in the absence of a maintenance programme, this figure would rise to 40% after 1 year.

Efficacy of "Hong Kong" vaccine in preventing "England" variant influenza A in 1972.

Abstract: The antigenic "drift" that occurs among influenza A viruses may impair the effectiveness of available vaccines containing older antigens. We therefore studied the efficacy of such a vaccine containing Hong Kong virus antigen (A2/Aichi/2/68) during an outbreak of A2/England/72 influenza in a population of 979 vaccinated and 2955 unvaccinated men. Attack rates for laboratory-confirmed febrile influenza were 18.4 and 46.0 per 1000, respectively. One dose of the vaccine thus reduced the frequency of influenza in those vaccinated by 60 per cent (p<0.01). Of 171 men studied before the outbreak, 84 per cent had hemagglutination-inhibition titers of ≤1:8 against the epidemic strain, but only 22 per cent had such low titers two weeks after vaccination. A significantly greater attack rate was found in men with acute-phase hemagglutination-inhibition titers of ≤1:8 than among those with titers of ≥1:16. There was a direct relation between the clinical effectiveness of the vaccine and its ability to produce ...

Field trials of monovalent Ogawa and Inaba cholera vaccines in rural Bangladesh--three years of observation.

Abstract: A controlled cholera vaccine field trial was carried out to test the efficacy of monovalent whole-cell Inaba and Ogawa cholera vaccines and a purified Inaba antigen. This study was designed particularly to study the level of protection produced by these vaccines against homologous and heterologous serotypes and to correlate the results with mouse protection tests and human serological response to the vaccines. A cohort of 45 000 children, aged 0-14 years, was divided into a control group and three vaccine groups. Inoculations were given annually for 2 years just before the start of the cholera season, and follow-up was continued for one additional year. Essentially, all cholera cases were due to the Inaba serotype, so that protection could be studied only against that serotype. Two annual injections of the whole-cell Inaba vaccine gave the highest level of protection, averaging 84% over the 3 years of follow-up; a single injection of the purified Inaba vaccine gave less protection (51%). Two annual injections of the whole-cell Ogawa vaccine failed to protect children under the age of 5 but did produce 48% protection for children aged 5-14 against Inaba cholera. Serological surveys correlated poorly with protection; specifically, the Ogawa vaccine produced high anti-Inaba titres in young children but no protection. The cross-protection against Inaba cholera produced by Ogawa vaccine in the older children is assumed to be due to boosting of naturally acquired immunity in this population. Monovalent vaccine cannot be recommended for general public health use because of the serotype specificity of protection that this study has demonstrated.

Controlled prospective trial of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine in children with acute leukemia.

Abstract: Seventy-four children under the age of 15 years, with acute leukemia were enrolled in a study to ascertain the protective effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine, derived from the lipopolysaccharide antigens of the 7 Fisher, Devlin, and Gnabasik immunotypes. Thirteen patients received immunization initially as a pilot trial. The remaining 61 were randomized between vaccine (31) and control (30). The primary immunization consisted of 4 weekly injections. Booster doses were administered at 3 month intervals. In 85% of the patients antibodies were produced in response to the vaccination, but their levels tended to decline rapidly. The incidence of P. aeruginosa infection in each group was: pilot trial, 3, vaccine 5, and control 3. These results indicate that immunological control of P. aeruginosa infection could not be achieved by vaccination with the present vaccine alone in children with acute leukemia.

Human cell culture rabies vaccine. Antibody response in man.

Abstract: A new tissue culture rabies vaccine was administered to 16 human volunteers, eight of whom had previously received other rabies vaccines. In the latter group there was an excellent booster antibody response. In the group with no previous vaccination, five of the eight subjects developed antibodies after one inoculation, and seven of the eight after two inoculations. Antibody titers after two inoculations were similar to those previously reported in the literature after 14 inoculations of duck embryo. Only minimal local reactions and no general reactions to the vaccine were noted.

Simultaneous administration of smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus antigens to Nigerian children.

Abstract: Children receiving smallpox, measles, and yellow fever vaccines simultaneously at separate sites responded adequately to all three vaccines. In those children, 9 months of age and older, who received these three vaccines in addition to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, there was a decrease in measles seroconversion rates from 89% to 70%. Possible interactions between live and killed vaccines should be considered when the administration of multiple antigens is planned.

Immunogenicity of Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract: Patients with chronic renal failure are candidates for immunization against influenza. Impairment of cell-mediated immunity has been documented in patients with uremia, but studies of seru...

Rubella immunization of volunteers via the respiratory tract.

Abstract: The efficacy of various routes of administration of the live attenuated rubella virus vaccine was evaluated by using 46 seronegative volunteers who were divided into 4 vaccine groups: subcutaneous, nosedrops, spray into posterior oropharynx and nose using large particle aerosol, and inhalation of small particle aerosol through the mouth. Seroconversion was observed in all of the vaccinees regardless of route of immunization. Nasal secretion antibody 6 weeks after immunization was highest in the volunteers who received the vaccine by nose drops (all members of this group had demonstrable nasal secretion antibody after immunization). Only half of the volunteers in the subcutaneous group developed demonstrable nasal secretion antibody. This suggests that nasal secretion antibody was best stimulated when vaccine was given directly into the nose. Volunteers were challenged with the vaccine intranasally at 6 to 8 weeks. None of the volunteers exhibited clinical symptoms or fourfold or greater serum antibody rises after challenge, but fourfold or greater nasal secretion antibody rises were observed in three volunteers in the subcutaneous vaccine group and two in the aerosol group, suggesting that those volunteers had not been protected against challenge. Rubella virus was isolated 8 to 12 days after challenge in two persons in the subcutaneous group and three in the aerosol vaccine group, but none in the nose drops or spray groups. Thus, protection after nasal challenge appeared to be best in those groups which also had the best nasal secretion antibody response after immunization. However, protection did not seem to be correlated with either nasal secretion or serum antibody levels.

Immune Response of the Human Respiratory Tract. II. Cell-mediated Immunity in the Lower Respiratory Tract to Tuberculin and Mumps and Influenza Viruses

Abstract: Normal volunteers were tested for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and influenza and mumps viruses by use of circulating lymphocytes and cells obtained by bronchoalveolar (BA) lavage. CMI was assayed by the test for inhibition of macrophage migration. Both circulating and BA cells from volunteers with positive delayed skin tests gave significant inhibition in the presence of M. tuberculosis antigens, but those from individuals with negative skin tests did not. As with M. tuberculosis, CMI was demonstrable from both circulating and BA cells from individuals with positive skin tests for mumps, but not in those with negative skin tests. CMI to influenza virus was tested before and after immunization, either by aerosol or sc. CMI in the lower respiratory tract was best stimulated by aerosol immunization. Subcutaneous immunization stimulated primarily circulating CMI. The role of antibodies on secretory surfaces has been a subject of considerable recent investigative interest [1-5]. While secretory antibodies of the IgA class have been shown to be important in the protection of mucosal surfaces against certain infectious agents [6-8], relatively little information is available concerning the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in such areas. While recent studies have investigated CMI to several bacteria and

Stimulation of anti-Brucella vaccination in mice by tetramisole, a phenyl-imidothiazole salt.

Abstract: The effect of tetramisole (hydrochloride of racemic 2, 3, 5, 6,-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-imidazo [2, 1-b] thiazole) on immunization was investigated in mice vaccinated by killed Brucella melitensis cells suspended in incomplete adjuvant. Immunity to Brucella abortus challenge was estimated by the reduction in number of B. abortus colonies per gram of spleen in those mice which escaped full immunization and also by calculation of mean infective doses for each group of mice. All tetramisole treatments significantly reduced the number of B. abortus live cells in spleen from infected mice. Tetramisole, injected twice (at the time of vaccination and 48 h later), induced a significant 3.5-fold increase of the protection brought about by Brucella vaccine alone. A single injection of 1.25 mg/kg at the time of vaccination resulted also in a significant increase of the immunity given by vaccination. No modifications of the vaccine potency were observed if tetramisole administration preceded vaccination. In such a mouse assay, tetramisole-induced stimulation was not accompanied by specific antibody increases, although measured by three serological tests.

Antibody responses to meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines.

Abstract: Over the past 4 years 19 lots of group C polysaccharide vaccine and five lots of group A polysaccharide vaccine have been tested for their immunogenicity in man. For each lot tested, groups of 18 to 50 men received 50 μg of vaccine subcutaneously. Sera were obtained prior to and 2 weeks after vaccination. The analytical and serological methods used in these studies were Sepharose 4B chromatography for the estimation of molecular size, the radioactive antigen binding assay, and the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for measuring the antibody response. Results have shown that the radioactive antigen binding assay is preferable to the IHA test as a measure of antibody response. Group C meningococcal vaccines have been highly stable when stored at 4 C in powdered form. All lots of group C vaccine tested to date have been of equal potency, with molecular weight varying from 520,000 to 2,000,000. Group A polysaccharides have been found to be unstable after 2 years of storage at 4 C. Optimal antibody response to the group A vaccines appears to be directly related to the molecular size of the preparation.

Mass vaccination programs in developing countries.

Abstract: Immunization programs have been demonstrated to be efficient and relatively inexpensive methods of disease prevention in both developed and developing countries. This article reviews the historical development of mass immunization campaigns sets forth practical considerations in initiating such campaigns and gives examples of contemporary mass immunization programs in developing countries--smallpox eradication and measles control in West and Central Africa and the global smallpox eradication program. Within the next few years an increasing number of vaccination programs are expected to administer 6 or more antigens simultaneously. Preliminary studies in West Africa have confirmed the safety efficacy and acceptance of such an approach. Much of the cost of mass immunization campaigns involves the logistics of transporting vaccination teams to a village so the maximum number of antigens should be delivered at one time to capitalize on this effort. There has been no evidence that the simultaneous administration of several live virus vaccines leads to an increase in complication rates. Jet injectors are now being developed that should be more economical as well as more readily adaptable to a multiple antigen campaign. Finally improvements in vaccine potency offer the possibility that single injections of vaccines such as tetanus toxoid may result in adequate immunity.

Response of Children to Neisseria meningitidis Polysaccharide Vaccines

Abstract: Children aged two to six years were inoculated with various amounts of group C Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccine. Doses of 5, 25, and 50 tg were less satisfactory in eliciting antibody than larger doses of 100 or 250 [tg. Antibody response was directly related to age. Children in three of the vaccinated groups were inoculated again eight months later with 50 ctg of both group A and group C vaccines. Booster responses occurred in all groups, and those who received the highest doses originally still had the greatest amount of antibody to group C N. meningitidis. All responded to group A vaccine. The hemagglutination method did not offer sufficient sensitivity in detection of antibody, but the radioimmunoassay procedure was satisfactory. However, even with this sensitive technique, the response in children was of lower magnitude than that in adults given smaller doses of vaccine.

A New Leptospiral Vaccine for Use in Man. II. Clinical and Serologic Evaluation of a Field Trial with Volunteers

Abstract: A double-blind field trial for clinical and serologic evaluation of a new leptospiral vaccine was performed. The new vaccine, consisting of killed Leptospira, the only one grown in a chemically defined medium, was innocuous, and led to seroconversion in 57% of all volunteers who received two doses of the vaccine. The vaccine had a booster effect in 100% of volunteers with previous records of clinical leptospirosis. The new vaccine, named Shen-Tor, was approved by the Israeli Ministry of Health for vaccination of 700 irrigation workers in a trial designed to measure the potency of the vaccine to protect against leptospirosis in a natural setting.