Showing papers on "Value (ethics) published in 2022"

Global fertility chains : an integrative political economy approach to understanding the reproductive bioeconomy

Abstract: Over the last two decades, social scientists across disciplines have been researching how value is extracted and governed in the reproductive bioeconomy, which broadly refers to the various ways re...

Moral currencies: Explaining corrupt collaboration

Abstract: Overall, people want to behave ethically. In some cases, temptation steers them away from ethical behavior. In other cases, purely ethical behavior is not possible, because the same behavior entails both ethical and unethical consequences. For example, collaboration with others may require people to be dishonest. We suggest that to justify their choices in such cases, people engage in a moral calculus in which they consider ethical values and behaviors as moral currencies, which can be traded for each other. This view is consistent with previous accounts that highlight the licensing effect that ethical actions can have on subsequent unethical actions when ethical and unethical actions are temporally distant and independent from each other, and also with cases where the same action has both positive and negative ethical value. We highlight the case of corrupt collaboration, where people often forgo honesty in favor of self- and group-serving collaboration, as one where moral currencies provide a useful framework for analysis and generation of research questions.

How circular design at signify brings economic, environmental, and social value

Abstract: This chapter provides insight in the sustainable design and innovation journey of a global leading company in lighting. The global challenges society is facing are inspiring and directing strategic choices; the sustainability program Brighter Lives, Better World ( Signify, 2020a ) is an integral part of the company's strategy. To realize the corresponding goals, innovative products, systems, and services must be developed based on eight sustainable focal areas, which have evolved over recent years. In the last decade, design for a circular economy was initiated and more and more embraced to decouple economic growth from the use of resources by using them more effectively ( Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013 ; European Commission, 2018 ; Pieroni et al., 2019a ). At the end of the chapter, two further innovations are shared demonstrating the extraordinary potential of light.

Monetising Social Impact: A Critique of the ‘Financialisation’ of Social Value

Abstract: In this chapter the authors will critically examine the concept of ‘social value’, and how it has come to be tied up with the commodification and financialisation of everyday life. Drawing on Polanyi’s concept of ‘fictitious commodification’, the authors will draw upon two main examples to illustrate this point. The emergence of Social Impact Bonds and social impact measurement tools such as Social Return on Investment have troubling implications, furthering what Polanyi identified as the ‘market society’. This chapter outlines what may be done to refocus attention on what it means to ‘value’ the social, and how new thinking is needed to shape an economy from the ashes of the old [Relevant SDGs: SDG3: Good Health and Wellbeing; SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities].

International Organizations in Education: New Takes on Old Paradigms

Abstract: In Chap. 5, Dennis Niemann analyzes international organizations (IOs) and their education ideas. Different ideological paradigms dominated the global education discourse at different periods. Fundamentally, they revolve around two poles of an economic utilitarian view on education and on an interpretation that emphasizes the social and cultural value of education. Both leitmotifs were influenced by general developments in world politics, and they were also reflected within IOs. Niemann analyzes how global education IOs, specifically the World Bank, the OECD, UNESCO, and the ILO, influenced the global discourse on education. First, he argues that within the IOs, the antipodal views on education became more complementary over time. Second, he demonstrates the pattern of interaction between the IOs has also changed from competition to cooperation.

Representation of violence value in Joker Film

Abstract: The Joker film aired in Indonesia on October 2, 2019. This film was widely discussed by the audience and succeeded in bringing the audience into the atmosphere of the film. This is because the problems that are taken often occur in the life of the general public. This film tells the story of Arthur aka Joker, whose life is filled with sadness, cheating, injustice as a lower middle-class citizen so that he is treated inappropriately by society and his family. Everything that happened to him resulted in the victim becoming the perpetrator of violence. Researchers are interested in analyzing the Joker film more deeply, and this is because the shows in the film contain violence that can trigger various physical and mental conditions such as aggressive behaviour, violent behaviour, bullying, fear, depression and nightmares for those who watch it. The purpose of this research is to find out how the representation of violence in the Joker film viewed from the Semiotics of Roland Barths to determine a meaning using the concepts of denotation, connotation, and myths taken from several scenes that represent the value of violence in the Joker film. The findings from the results of this study indicate that there are 16 scenes that present violence. The violence is in the form of physical violence, psychological violence, financial violence, functional violence, and rational violence. The Joker film shows that perpetrators of violence still often occur in life, even victims can become perpetrators of what happened to them. Often times people think this is normal because not everyone understands the importance of humanity and justice for others.

State Epistemic Environmentalism

Abstract: The chapter begins by providing an overview of epistemic environmentalism, a meta-theory in applied epistemology. The Greater Value Thesis and the Greater Value Activism Thesis are offered in support of epistemic environmentalism. This leads to a discussion of the significance of epistemic value theory to epistemic environmentalism. Based on this examination, the case is made for the permissibility of state intervention in the epistemic environment. The permissibility of state intervention in the epistemic environment is defended against two liberal challenges.

Taming Law: The Risks of Making Doctrinal Analysis the Servant of Empirical Research

Abstract: Law is not a science, and its relationship with science is not always easy. Empirical Legal Studies, a relatively new movement in law schools and one that is being pushed by some European research funders, including that of the Netherlands, aims to bring legal and scientific research closer together. There are certainly practical advantages which can be achieved by this, but the closer two methodologically distinct disciplines come to each other, the greater the force that they may mutually exert, changing both their own nature and that of the other. The amount of social science that is done in law schools is but a small part of the total, so that the effects on social science as a whole of incorporating more law may be limited. However, the effects on law could be greater, and its evidence-free, truth-indifferent, essentially rhetorical character could be marginalized. That may be exactly what scientifically minded research funders aim at: reining in the narcissistic but epistemologically idiosyncratic practices of the legal wordsmith in favor of more conventional contributions to the advancement of knowledge about the world. On the other hand, textual analysis and critique of judgments and legislation – law, for short, or, more precisely, doctrinal legal research (DLR) – contributes unique elements to the world. Most banally, it provides a theoretical basis for the empirical part of empirical legal studies. It also plays an expressive role: liberated from the need to measure, the legal researcher can unpack the meaning of words and reveal their subtexts and the interests they represent, without needing to quantify their consequences. Concerns and values too diffuse, qualitative, complex, or ambiguous to be easily assessed by empirical science, but which are genuinely felt, and are embodied in the text, can be held up for scrutiny. In doing this DLR adds popular legitimacy to the legal process, taking it partly out of the hands of experts and giving a voice to the subjects of law. Perhaps that is why technocratic research administrators are so keen to get it under control. In what follows I try to show DLR’s relationship to social science, and argue that while they can be meaningful for each other, we should be wary of allowing legal writing to be subordinated to the short-term needs of empirical research, and should not lose faith in the value of traditional DLR on its own theoretical terms – for neither empirical social science, public discourse, or the political process of law-making can proceed properly without it.

Ethics and Public Value(s)—Finnish Cities’ Participation Model—Background and Practices

Abstract: The increasing emphasis on public value represents new thinking. It gives special recognition to the government’s role as guarantor of public value and highlights municipal citizenship as well as democratic, collaborative governance. It questions, how the public sector should contribute to the common good and to the public interest and the altruism, human dignity and fairness values behind it. The idea of public value was first seen as a way of conceptualising strategy in public sector analogously to that of private value in the market sector. Current thinking has however moved beyond this traditional sectoral division and beyond the view of public administration as it was seen in New Public Management in that the public value approach now conceptualises a notion of value beyond the typical NPM rhetoric of efficiency and effectiveness. Deliberative democratic values in particular are seen as important here as individual residents are viewed as active public problem-solvers, co-designers and co-producers of the services they consume. Thus this approach now sees public value emerging from inclusive dialogue and deliberation. This chapter outlines the background to, discussion of and models supporting participatory democracy, particularly in the context of the Finnish urban environment. The text is therefore linked to the issue of reforming the operating models of municipal democracy and advances this theme within the aforementioned context from the theoretical background and concepts to the City of Helsinki participation model. The aim is to provide an overview of the participation discussion and how it is linked to urban development and policies and, ultimately, to the discussion on public value.

Water-Resilient Places—Developing a Policy Framework for Surface Water Management and Blue-Green Infrastructure

Abstract: This chapter broadly describes Scotland’s overarching approach to the management of its water resources with a specific focus on the development of measures that respond to the multiple and complex challenges of surface water flooding in Scotland. It considers the interface with the emerging “net zero emissions” agenda, to offer an example of how Scotland aims to grow the sector sustainably and responsibly while tackling major policy challenges, like the effective integration of mechanisms, structures and interventions to tackle surface water flooding. The chapter also offers an explanation of the Scottish Government’s Hydro Nation agenda which seeks to maximise the value of water resources in a sustainable and responsible way and the development of a stakeholder-led vision for the water sector. Finally, given the overarching theme of the main publication in relation to water security, the chapter outlines how Scottish water-related knowledge is shared with developing world nations, with a specific focus on Malawi.