Showing papers on "Westernization published in 2021"

Internationalization of Chinese Higher Education: Is It Westernization?:

Abstract: Internationalization has become a strategic policy priority for many Chinese higher education in the process of becoming world-class universities. However, there is little research focusing on stud...

Echo of 1989? Protest imaginaries and identity dilemmas in Belarus

Abstract: The revolution of 2020 in Belarus has often been described as a new 1989 and there is no doubt that the emancipatory appeal of the Belarusian protests is similar to the one that sustained the 1989 revolutions. But will building the democratic system—the major aspiration of the Belarusian protesters—follow the scripts of liberalization and westernization in evidence in other eastern and central European countries? Will self-determination in post-Lukashenka Belarus follow a scenario modelled on the patterns adopted by other east European and post-Soviet states, where ethnocentric national identities and the memory of victims of communism became distinctive markers of east European post-communism? Examining the symbolic dimension of the protest repertoire, this article demonstrates how the protests re-arranged the system of historical and cultural references that shaped the foundation of Belarusian collective memory and identity discourses since 1994. It reveals how a broad variety of actors engaged in contention activated a process of re-signification of cultural and political symbols and ideas and led to the formation of a blended socio-cultural imaginary, which integrates previously disconnected and competing projects and ideologies.

Changes in Foreign and Modern Culture in the 21st Century Which Drivers Culture in East Java Seen from a Historical Perspective

Abstract: In modern times like today, technology and science are developing very fast. This has resulted in a condition known as globalization. This era has had a significant impact on every country globally, including in Indonesia, such as the spread of culture is solid. This flow has many benefits and advantages. However, this globalization can also have a negative impact. One of them is the erosion of native Indonesian culture compared to foreign cultures. Therefore, this research to find the origin, causes, and impacts of the influx of cultural globalization on the current culture of East Java because it is the province of origin of the researchers. Here the researchers asks about the impact of this modern culture and how influential culture is to the people of East Java. The method used by the researchers in making this paper is Literature Review using qualitative descriptive writing with quantitative data. The researchers findings as material in this paper amounted to 24 materials with the provisions of 20 journal article materials, 2 article materials online provided that they were published in the last three years, and 2 E-books for methods on this paper. This study's boundaries are a modern culture that the researchers takes about western culture (western) and South Korean culture (Hallyu). In addition, this study only discusses cultures originating in East Java, such as Javanese.

The dietary practices and beliefs of British South Asian people living with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter study from the United Kingdom.

Abstract: Background/Aims Epidemiological associations have implicated factors associated with Westernization, including the Western diet, in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The role of diet in IBD etiopathogenesis, disease control and symptom management remains incompletely understood. Few studies have collected data on the dietary habits of immigrant populations living with IBD. Our aim was to describe the dietary practices and beliefs of British South Asians with IBD. Methods A 30-item questionnaire was developed and consecutively administered to 255 British South Asians with IBD attending gastroenterology clinics in the United Kingdom. Results Fifty-one percent of participants believed diet was the initiating factor for their IBD and 63% felt diet had previously triggered disease relapse. Eighty-nine percent avoided certain dietary items in the belief that this would prevent relapse. The most commonly avoided foods and drinks were spicy and fatty foods, carbonated drinks, milk products, alcohol, coffee, and red meat. A third of patients had tried a whole food exclusion diet, most commonly lactose- or gluten-free, and this was most frequently reported amongst those with clinically active IBD (P= 0.02). Almost 60% of participants avoided eating the same menu as their family, or eating out, at least sometimes, to prevent IBD relapse. Conclusions British South Asians with IBD demonstrate significant dietary beliefs and food avoidance behaviors with increased frequency compared to those reported in Caucasian IBD populations. Studies in immigrant populations may offer valuable insights into the interaction between diet, Westernization and cultural drift in IBD pathogenesis and symptomatology.

Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia

Abstract: Introduction Leela Fernandes Part 1: Historical Formations 1. Gendered Nationalism: From Women to Gender and Back Again?Mrinalini Sinha 2. Construction of Gender in the Late nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century in Muslim Bengal: The writings of Nawab Faizunessa Chaudhurani and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain Firdous Azim and Perween Hasan 3. Gender, Women and Partition: Literary Representations, Refugee Women and Partition Studies Paulomi Chakraborty Part 2: Law, Citizenship and the Nation 4. Gender and Citizenship in India Anupama Roy 5. Gender and Democratic Politics in Bangladesh Elora Shehabuddin 6. Law, Sex Work and Activism in India Prabha Kotiswaran 7. The Supreme Court of India and Maintenance for Muslim Women: Transformatory Jurisprudence Vrinda Narain 8. Female Militancy: Reflections from Sri Lanka Sharika Thiranagama 9. The Political Economy of Moral Regulation in Pakistan: Religion, Gender and Class in a Postcolonial Context Saadia Toor Part 3: Representations of Culture, Place, Identity 10. Gender, media and popular culture in a global India Maitrayee Chaudhuri 11. Death and Family: Queer Archives of the Space Between Naisargi Dave 12. Women's Place-making in Santosh Nagar: Gendered constellations Ann Grodzins Gold 13. Gender and property in neoliberal middle-class Kolkata: Of untold riches and unruly homes Henrike Donner Part 4: Labor and the Economy 14. Global Governance Initiatives and Garment Sector Workers in Sri Lanka: Tracing its Gender and Development Politics Kanchana Ruwanpura 15. An Intersection of Marxism and Feminism among India's Informal Workers: A Second Marriage? Rina Agarwala 16. Gendered Opportunity and Constraint in India's IT Industry: The Problem of Too Much 'Headweight' Smitha Radhakrishnan 17. A Feminist Commodity Chain Analysis of Rural Transformation in Contemporary India Priti Ramamurthy 18. NGOs, State and Neoliberal Development in South Asia: The Paradigmatic Case of Bangladesh in a Global Perspective Lamia Karim Part 5: Inequality, Activism and the State 19. Gender and Education in South Asia Sangeeta Kamat 20. Sex Ratios and Sex Selection in India: History and the Present Mary John 21. Dalit Women Between Social and Analytical Alterity: Rethinking the 'Quintessentially Marginal' Manuela Ciotti 22. Feminism, Sexuality and the Rhetoric of Westernization in Pakistan: Precarious Citizenship Moon Charania 23. Mapping Women's Activism in India: Resistances, Reforms and (Re)-Creation Rukmini Sen

The Role of the Turkey Secularization Movement in the Collapse of The Ottomans Empire

Abstract: Secularism is a product of Western thought that negates the role of religion in state institutions. In Turkey, this thought was carried out at the Tanzimat era of the Ottoman Turkish dynasty which aimed to make the Ottoman Turks more advanced and modern by adopting western values. The main proponent of this movement is The Young Turks which is a revolutionary movement that wants to replace the laws and regulations of the Ottoman Turks with laws that applied in the West. This movement has the support of extremist Jews (Zionism), Western media, and the Freemasonry movement. It was through their secularization agenda that the Ottoman dynasty gradually weakened and collapsed and was replaced by the secular republic of Turkish. This research using qualitative methods base on descriptions, the result obtained from the research are to know early the concept and application of secularism in Khilafah Turkish Ottoman . As well as being a lesson for Muslims and its impact on the sustainability of Islam itself . The contribution of this research can enrich scientific knowledge in the historical field, especially regarding the political and social aspects of Islam in the Uthmani Khilafah.

Phobia of Islamophobia as the Basis for ‘Critical Muslim Studies’. How Ideology Became a Methodology for the Study of Islamic Communities in the West

Abstract: This article aims to deconstruct the research field of “critical Muslim studies” that is emerging within Western academic discourse. It seeks to expose the postcolonial injustices that Muslims are subjected to in the allocation of symbolic resources. Islamophobia is almost the dominant subject of research here, and the line between political activism related to the struggle for minority rights and academic knowledge becomes completely permeable. This article describes the epistemological foundations of critical Muslim studies and its conceptual language, developed by its proponents within the framework of postcolonial theory, related to the notions of racialization, Orientalization (and self-Orientalization), Eurocentrism and Westernization. The institutionalization of this trend is examined through selected European and American examples. Examination of the volume Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Countries demonstrates how left-liberal ideology, included in the production of academic knowledge, turns into a fully-fledged methodology that is desirable to a wide range of researchers.

The Quest for Legitimacy in Chinese Politics

Abstract: Xiang explains the nature and depth of the legitimacy crisis facing the government of China, and why it is so frequently misunderstood in the West. Arguing that it is more helpful to understand the quest for legitimacy in China as an eternally dynamic process, rather than to seek resolutions in constitutionalism, Xiang examines the understanding of legitimacy in Chinese political philosophy. He posits that the current crisis is a consequence of the incompatibility of Confucian Republicanism and Soviet-inspired Bolshevism. The discourse on Chinese political reform tends to polarize, between total westernization on the one hand, or the rejection of western influence in all forms on the other. Xiang points to a third solution - meeting western democratic theories halfway, avoiding another round of violent revolution. This book provides valuable insights for scholars and students of China’s politics and political history.

The Causes for Backwardness of Islam World in the Thoughts of Imam Khomeini

Abstract: Understanding the causes of the backwardness of the Muslim World has been the subject of research in the late three decades. Although much research has been done on this subject, cultural causes have been neglected. This is while culture seems to play an important role in the economic and political development of countries. The cultural crisis is one of the fundamental problems of the Islamic world that has been reflected in most of Imam Khomeini's speeches. The purpose of this study is to investigate Imam Khomeini's view on the cultural challenges of Islamic states using the theory of crisis of Thomas A. Spragens. The findings of this article refer to cultural problems such as westernization, division, self-destruction, emotional-spiritual dependence and crisis of meaning and identity, political and economic instability, the intervention of foreign powers, etc.

Modern Confucian Epistemology: From Reason to Intuition—And Back

Abstract: This chapter deals with the epistemological theories proposed by the central representatives of Modern Confucianism’s intellectual current, formed in China at the threshold of the twentieth century, and presents a current of thought defined by a search for a synthesis between the Chinese ideational tradition and Western theoretical systems. Following the presumption that Chinese modernization must not be equated with Westernization, the Modern Confucians strove for a reinvigoration of this tradition and its adaptation to the conditions of the new era. In this context, their epistemological discourses were no exception, for they were equally rooted in the specific features of traditional Chinese epistemological thought and defined by a search for their fruitful amalgamation with contemporary Western theories of knowledge. In this field, the Modern Confucian philosophers were most interested in the relation between reason and intuition, for the latter concept belongs to the central traditional epistemological notions, and the former to the concepts that are crucial for the establishment of modernization theories. Hence, their ideas represent an upgrading of traditionally Chinese epistemological thought and its partial incorporation into the frameworks of Western theories of knowledge.

The West and the Resistance: Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Teaching Shakespeare for and against Westernisation in Japanese Higher Education

Abstract: This chapter explores the question ‘Is Shakespeare perceived as one of the powerful global icons through which local education is westernised?’ in Japan. It foregrounds the perceptions of people studying and teaching Shakespeare in Japan in the early twenty-first century. The chapter demonstrates that some of these perceptions around Shakespeare in Japanese higher education are predicated on a binaric understanding of Shakespeare as the ‘foreign’/’other’/west, distinct from the ‘indigenous’/‘our’/East Asian. His foreignness is perceived varyingly from positive to malignant, with reference to the nature and purpose of subject English; the use of western productions in the classroom; and the delivery of a westernized ‘world view’ through Shakespeare. However, other perceptions explicitly or implicitly trouble this supposed polarity, emphasising Shakespeare as (adapted to be) local, regional and Asian, in terms of perceptions of his bawdy humour, affinity with Japanese history and culture, and use of locally-made or -inflected resources.

Православное духовенство и правые политические движения в России начала ХХ века (по материалам церковной прессы)

Abstract: The question of the attitude of the Orthodox Russian clergy to the right-wing political parties at the beginning of the 20 th century — the Black Hundreds (the Union of the Russian People, the Russian People’s Union named after Mikhail Archangel, etc) and Russian nationalists (the All-Russian National Union and related organizations) is considered The novelty of the research is seen in the introduction into scientific circulation of new sources (materials of the church press), which make it possible to make a number of significant clarifications in the existing ideas about the relationship between the Orthodox Church and right-wing political organizations Particular attention is paid to the differences in the views of clergymen on the Black Hundred unions and political structures of Russian nationalists The reasons for the cooperation of conservative Orthodox pastors with the Black Hundred unions and organizations of Russian nationalists and the circumstances that forced the clergy to show concern for the views and activities of right-wing parties are shown It is argued that the secularization and Westernization of Russian nationalism, which led to the departure of its ideologists and followers from the foundations of the Orthodox doctrine and church worldview, became the main reasons for the wary attitude of church circles towards the political organizations of Russian nationalists

Well-being in schools: Chinese and New Zealand approaches

Abstract: Educational authorities across countries are concerned to promote the well-being of their children. We discuss the approach that two systems, China and New Zealand, have adopted to support the development of well-being. The Chinese system has roots in the Confucian education tradition, Westernization Movement, and Soviet education lessons. It is characterised by a specialist role, the Banzhuren. The contemporary New Zealand system includes the explicit identification of values and competencies for well-being in curricula and system data about development during the school years. Both systems for promoting have weaknesses and strengths and we argue can learn from each other.

Metaphors addressing the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures in Mao’s speeches

Abstract: This study analyzes the cognitive and discursive process through which the issue of learning from the West is addressed in four of People's Republic of China founder Mao Zedong's political speeches...

Context of abuse against men: Perspectives on causes, consequences and coping mechanisms

Abstract: Background: Opinions on gender abuse have been largely skewed towards females. However, the rising number of cases of abuses against the male gender has brought the need to seek better understanding on the different background contexts and conditions surrounding the abuses against men in Nigeria. Data Source and Methods: This article was based on a cross-sectional study on abuse against men through quantitative and qualitative methods. It examined perspectives on causes, consequences and coping mechanisms relative to abuse against men in urban Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Results: Findings suggest that various forces at individual, familial, cultural, urbanization, westernization and globalization levels drive abuse against men and men cope with the abuse through avoidance, divorce, resignation, adjustment and religion. Conclusion: Findings suggest that various forces at individual, familial, cultural, urbanization, westernization and globalization levels drive abuse against men and men cope with the abuse through avoidance, divorce, resignation, adjustment and religion.

Asianization as a Main Trend in World Politics

Abstract: The last 500 years was marked by the political and economic dominance of European civilization, which is reflected in the concept of Westernization of the world. In the first half of the twenty-first century, there is a change in the geopolitical map of the world, where the complexly structured world of Eastern civilizations, which geographically belongs to the Asian region, comes to the fore. In the international political science discourse, the theme of ‘Asianization’, ‘Asiancentrism’ in the 21st century came to the fore, which is methodologically developed in the concept of polycentrism, global regionalism and a non-Western world political picture of the world. As a result, on one hand, Eastern civilizations are returning the political and economic positions lost in recent centuries, and on the other hand, being technologically westernized, they introduce non-Western mental and value attitudes into world politics.

Японська традиція та західне новаторство у творчості Накахари Чуї

Abstract: The subject of the study is the poetics of the Japanese poet Nakahara Chūya. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there is very little research on the poet’s oeuvre in general, and in Ukrainian Japanese studies there is none at all. And despite the fact that Nakahara Chūya is one of the key figures of the Japanese avant-garde in the early twentieth century, there is no edition of translations into Ukrainian, just as there is not a single publication in Russian, except for a few amateur translations on the Internet. The novelty is due to an attempt to fill the gap and to present a number of translations of key texts by Nakahara Chūya into Ukrainain, as well as to present the translations of studies devoted to Chūya’s oeuvre, taking into account a lack of commentary materials. The interest in the poet is due to the fact that despite a rather limited period of his creative activity (only one collection of works during his lifetime) Nakahara Chūya absorbed the current trends of Western modernism and combined them with the Japanese poetic tradition — this is a problem that our article is devoted to. The aim of the study is to show how traditional Japanese poetics with its norms constituted as far back as the 9th – 10th centuries was able to go beyond the limits of constraint in form and content, particularly under the influence of avant-garde experiments of Dada. The study revealed that the cultural and social processes, which Western avant-garde artists reacted to by absurdism, violation of the form, an attempt to go beyond the word order, destruction the image, abandoning mimetic principles of art, is a trend inherent not only in the Western tragic worldview of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, but it is also intrinsic to Japanese art as well. A feature of Nakahara Chūya’s artistic practice is interweaving methods of traditional Japanese poetics to the Western forms, and thus his poetry may be described as allegory of the conflict between westernization and preservation of old foundations.

The ideology of african communalism as a socialist pathway tonigeria’snational integration

Abstract: Prior to the advent of westernization and Westerners into the African soil, Africans in their closely knit communal villages and amphictonies maintained an appreciable social cohesion, control and unity. Granted that there were still inter-tribal disagreements and conflicts yet, tribesmen in their traditional setting considered themselves members of the same household. Each individual was his brother's keeper and communal interest was held paramount in their socio-political, economic and spiritual considerations. However, the overthrow and subversion of traditional African values by slave-trade, colonialism and their associated ideologies, replaced an uncouth but stable space with a divisive, dominant, discriminative and politicized one. This loss of communality along with values that make for social integration and control combined with the total embrace of possessive individualism coincidental with capitalism, to pitch hitherto brothers against one another in an unhealthy competition. It also, with its characteristic exploitative instruments, introduced in Nigeria, artificial but deep ethic divisions, rivalry, and mutual hatred – all of which tend to helplessly grind the wheels of the country to a halt. Consequently, violence, ethnicism, religious intolerance, nepotism and corruption now becloud and blindfold her nationalist spirit. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes a re-invention of African communalism and therefore explores this ideology, as an alternative socialist instrument for national integration. The author adopts the literary analysis method of enquiry for this research.

Turkish Ontological Security In The Early Republic Era: Identity, Regime, and State

Abstract: This study examines under which factors of Turkey’s ontological security has been formed and how it has been occurred in the early period of the Republic of Turkey. The main claim of the study is that the national identity, the nation-state, and the Republican regime are inseparable and complementary parts of the Turkish ontological security. This study applies the historical analysis method. In the early period of the Turkish Republic which can be deemed as a process of structural and fundamental changes, Turkey's security concept consists of not only border security. The political regime as a continuation of the aim of protecting the Republic's revolutions, including national sovereignty and secularism, and westernization, constituted the prominent factor of Turkish ontological security. Having said that, considering the new geography vision, policies towards Islamic geographies and Central Asia were considered as revisionist and it was aimed that the protection of the status quo both in and outside the country. In accordance with the territorial state model, the Turkish biographical story was reconstructed with the nation-state models as the framework of the national society and the national society itself, and therefore it was accepted as the integral parts of the Turkish ontological security.

Средневековое мышление у современных монголов

Abstract: The seemingly distinctive and original sided observer bizarre interleaving in Mongolia elements of the nomadic culture and the results of modern aggressive westernization is the true sociocultural specificity of the country. It boils down to the sustained turning of the Mongols, as individuals and as a nation, to the medieval era of its history associated with the classical period of the Empire's existence. Such an appeal occurs throughout the diversity of social, cultural, political and economic practices of the population. As an explanatory model of what is happening, the concept of medieval intellection as one of the characteristics of the national identity is proposed.

Recent Developments in Confucianism in Mainland China

Abstract: This chapter provides a survey of developments in Confucianism in mainland China for the past four decades. It includes discussions of four leading scholars and three major themes of Confucianism. In the first section, it explains that how to respond to modernization and Westernization has been an urgent mission for most contemporary Chinese Confucians. This challenge has been the main inspiration of development. In the second section, it discusses Tang Yijie’s idea of the unities of heaven and humanity (tianren 天人), knowledge and action (zhixing 知行), and emotion and context (qingjing 情境); Zhang Liwen’s theory of harmony (hehexue 和合學); Chen Lai’s ontology of benevolence (ren bentilun 仁本體論); and Jiang Qing’s idea of political Confucianism (zhengzhi ruxue 政治儒學). In the third section, it presents the issue of Chinese philosophy, including Confucianism, as philosophy, the issue of Confucian familial partiality, and the issue of Confucian meritocracy. It concludes that mainland Chinese Confucian scholars believe that they are destined to carry out certain missions to promote Confucianism as a culture or ideology.

Lectura en México : Un histórico y breve viaje por los caminos de los lectores, el libro y las bibliotecas

Abstract: Reading in Mexico, from pre-Hispanic times to the 21st. century, has undergone different transformations in terms of conceptions, capacities, social uses, supports, texts and their materiality, with which knowledge and experiences have been recorded, preserved and disseminated cultural, religious, political, economic, administrative, customs, architectural, historical or scientific information, to mention just some aspects of human memory that have formed millions of readers. This article aims to briefly analyze and identify the factors that led to the formation of Mexican reading communities, in native populations and their diversification from the westernization in which the written word, reading and books have transformed Mexican society throughout its entire history.

Terrorismo e radicalizzazione: orientamenti pedagogici

Abstract: Terrorism is a phenomenon that must be considered present even in those phases in which it does not manifest itself in a tragic and evident way. In recent decades, the prevalent terrorism has been referred to the Islamic tradition, affecting global scenarios and also manifesting itself in Western countries, intertwining with other processes, such as asymmetric globalization, the increase in inequalities, the westernization of the world. It is a phenomenon that must also be analyzed pedagogically, paying particular attention to the processes of radicalization, meant as the set of experiences that lead the people involved to adhere to terrorist ideologies and methods. This analysis must be carried out in particular in urban areas characterized by strong economic and social marginalization, where sympathies and adherence to terrorism can develop, especially among people whose family history includes migrations from Islamic countries. The territory is considered the place where global dynamics and general phenomena find their expression in the “here and now” of their daily materiality and become lived life: from international migrations to the delocalization processes, from cultural homologation to the movements of resistance to such homologation Terrorism also develops in opposition to modernity, and in these terms it can be associated with every form of integralism that refers to a past characterized by a presumed communitarian dimension of material and spiritual union among people. Central pedagogical issue become the belonging and the educational processes that can strengthen or weaken the sense of belonging. What is hoped for is an education that will provide subjects with tools to unveil and critique their own belongings and seek radical and non-terrorist ways of criticizing the present.