Showing papers on "Wireless mesh network published in 2022"
20 citations
TL;DR: A protocol for handover authentication with privacy preservation of the transfer ticket via the Diffie–Hellman method is proposed and achieves privacy preservation with minimum authentication delay during handover operation.
Abstract: Presently, lightweight devices such as mobile phones, notepads, and laptops are widely used to access the Internet throughout the world; however, a problem of privacy preservation and authentication delay occurs during handover operation when these devices change their position from a home mesh access point (HMAP) to a foreign mesh access point (FMAP). Authentication during handover is mostly performed through ticket-based techniques, which permit the user to authenticate itself to the foreign mesh access point; therefore, a secure communication method should be formed between the mesh entities to exchange the tickets. In two existing protocols, this ticket was not secured at all and exchanged in a plaintext format. We propose a protocol for handover authentication with privacy preservation of the transfer ticket via the Diffie–Hellman method. Through experimental results, our proposed protocol achieves privacy preservation with minimum authentication delay during handover operation.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors explore the existing methods of these two networks and provide an analytical basis for their relationship, and present several challenges and opportunities in the area of combined Wireless Mesh Sensor Network (WMSN) followed by a discussion on this interconnection through literature review.
Abstract: Nowadays, network technologies are developing very rapidly. The growing volume of transmitted information (video, data, VoIP, etc.), the physical growth of networks, and inter-network traffic are forcing manufacturers to produce more powerful and “smart” devices that use new methods of transferring and sorting data. Such connected smart devices (IoT) are used in intelligently controlled traffic for self-driving vehicles in Vehicle Adhoc Networks (VANET), in electricity and water in smart cities, and in-home automation in smart homes. These types of connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices are used to leverage different types of network structures. Such IoT sensor devices can be deployed as a wireless sensor network (WSN) in a mesh topology. Both WSNs and Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are easy to organize as well as to deploy. In this case, there are many reasons for combining these different types of networks. In particular, the detailed sensory capabilities of sensor networks may be improved by increasing bandwidth, reliability and power consumption in the mesh topology. However, there are currently only a handful of studies devoting to integrate these two different types of networks. In addition, there is no systematic review of existing interconnection methods. That is why in this article we explore the existing methods of these two networks and provide an analytical basis for their relationship. We introduce the definition of WSN and WMN and then look at some case studies. Afterward, we present several challenges and opportunities in the area of combined Wireless Mesh Sensor Network (WMSN) followed by a discussion on this interconnection through literature review and hope that this document will attract the attention of the community and inspire further research in this direction.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors developed an agility training system based on wireless MESH network, which can transmit network data in real-time with the aid of an agility apparatus and showed that the ability of rapid direction change, movement change and decision making related to agile quality was significantly improved compared with those before the training.
Abstract: Given the problems of using traditional training methods and insufficient funds in college sports agility training, the agility training system based on Wireless MESH Network is developed. The lower computer realizes the automatic networking between nodes based on the ESP-MESH network, and describes the networking process, intra-group communication and network management of the MESH network in detail. When the number of network layers ≤2, the node response time is about 300ms, and the packet loss rate is close to 0, it is proved that the Wireless MESH Network can transmit network data in real-time. The upper computer adopts the software design based on Android, which can view the agility training time of each point in the movement. In this paper, 10 university sports students were trained in stages for up to 9 weeks with the aid of an agility apparatus. After the training, the ability of rapid direction change, movement change and decision-making related to agile quality was significantly improved compared with those before the training (p < 0.01). The experimental results show that agile coaches are practical in improving college students’ agility.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors implemented a novel application of Harris Hawk's Optimization (HHO) algorithm to optimally place mesh routers in a wireless mesh network so as to improve connectivity and coverage.
Abstract: The placement of wireless mesh routers is a significant matter in enhancing the performance of a wireless mesh network. Therefore, it is essential that the mesh routers are optimally placed to guarantee strong connectivity and coverage for ensuring the best network accessibility. The importance of this issue has motivated the researchers to pursue more investigation on optimizing the networks’ performance. Various optimization algorithms have been developed in the literature to identify the trade-offs between network connectivity and client coverage. This work is aimed at implementing a novel application of Harris Hawk’s Optimization (HHO) algorithm to optimally place mesh routers in a wireless mesh network so as to improve connectivity and coverage. The HHO seeks optimal routers placement that leads to maximizing the connection between routers and increasing the number of covered clients. In this study, three network configurations are used with sizes of 40, 60, and 100 mesh routers. The simulation results are statistically analyzed and compared to other population-based algorithms such as Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), Gray Wolf’s Optimization (GWO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Moreover, the performance of HHO is compared with the state-of-the-art to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The simulation findings and statistical analysis confirm that the HHO outperforms the other algorithms in terms of network coverage and connectivity. The outcomes demonstrate that HHO can be considered an efficacious means to enhance the performance of wireless mesh networks (WMNs).
6 citations
02 May 2022
TL;DR: It is argued that Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an ideal solution to fill this gap and introduce an integrated SDN-NDN deployment over WMNs involving: (i) global view of the network in real-time; (ii) centralized decision making; and (iii) dynamic NDN adaptation to network changes.
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) evolution calls for stringent communication demands, including low delay and reliability. At the same time, wireless mesh technology is used to extend the communication range of IoT deployments, in a multi-hop manner. However, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are facing link failures due to unstable topologies, resulting in unsatisfied IoT requirements. Named-Data Networking (NDN) can enhance WMNs to meet such IoT requirements, thanks to the content naming scheme and in-network caching, but necessitates adaptability to the challenging conditions of WMNs.In this work, we argue that Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an ideal solution to fill this gap and introduce an integrated SDN-NDN deployment over WMNs involving: (i) global view of the network in real-time; (ii) centralized decision making; and (iii) dynamic NDN adaptation to network changes. The proposed system is deployed and evaluated over the wiLab.1 Fed4FIRE+ test-bed. The proof-of-concept results validate that the centralized control of SDN effectively supports the NDN operation in unstable topologies with frequent dynamic changes, such as the WMNs.
6 citations
6 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a wireless mesh network testbed based on ESP8266 devices using painlessMesh library and evaluates its feasibility and potential effectiveness as a solution to monitor perishable goods, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, which are often stored and transported inside refrigerated containers.
Abstract: This paper presents a wireless mesh network testbed based on ESP8266 devices using painlessMesh library. It evaluates its feasibility and potential effectiveness as a solution to monitor perishable goods, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, which are often stored and transported inside refrigerated containers. Performance testing experiments with different numbers of nodes and traffic loads and different message payload sizes are conducted under unicast transmission. The impact on network performance is evaluated in terms of delivery ratio and delivery delay, which, consequently, affect the energy consumption and, hence, network lifetime. The results of this investigation are an important contribution to help researchers to propose mechanisms, schemes, and protocols to improve performance in such challenging networks.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a sensor MESH network using an ESP-MESH networking protocol with the ESP32 MCU (a Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller) for indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring in real time.
Abstract: The main aim of this work is to establish a sensor MESH network using an ESP-MESH networking protocol with the ESP32 MCU (a Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller) for indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring in real time. Each sensor node is deployed at a different location on the college campus and includes sensor arrays (CO2, CO, and air quality) interfaced with the ESP32. The ESP-MESH networking protocol is a low-cost, easy-to-implement, medium-range, and low-power option. ESP32 microcontrollers are inexpensive and are used to establish the ESP-MESH network that allows numerous sensor nodes spread over a large physical area to be interconnected under the same wireless network to monitor air quality parameters accurately. The data of different air quality parameters (temperature, humidity, PM2.5, gas concentrations, etc.) is taken (every 2 min) from the indoor and outdoor nodes and continuously monitored for 72 min. A custom time-division multiple-access (TDMA) scheduling scheme for energy efficiency is applied to construct an appropriate transmission schedule that reduces the end-to-end transmission time from the sensor nodes to the router. The performance of the MESH network is estimated in terms of the package loss rate (PLR), package fault rate (PFR), and rate of packet delivery (RPD). The value of the RPD is more than 97%, and the value of the PMR and PER for each active node is less than 1.8%, which is under the limit. The results show that the ESP-MESH network protocol offers a considerably good quality of service, mainly for medium-area networks.
5 citations
01 Jan 2022
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, low-power wireless mesh networks (LPWMNs) have been widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications and have been shown to work satisfactorily most of the time thanks to decades of research.
Abstract: Low-power wireless mesh networks (LPWMNs) have been widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications. Although LPWMNs work satisfactorily most of the time thanks to decades of research, ...
TL;DR: In this paper , the Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO) algorithm is used to solve the mesh router placement problem in wireless mesh networks. But the problem is not solved using approximation algorithms.
Abstract: Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are increasingly being used in a variety of applications. To fully utilize the network resources of WMNs, it is critical to design a topology that provides the best client coverage and network connectivity. This issue is solved by determining the best solution for the mesh router placement problem in WMN (MRP-WMN). Because the MRP-WMN is known to be NP-hard, it is typically solved using approximation algorithms. This is also why we are conducting this work. We present an efficient method for solving the MRP-WMN using the Multi-Verse Optimizer algorithm (MVO). A new objective function for the MRP-WMN is also proposed, which takes into account two important performance metrics, connected client ratio and connected router ratio. Experiment results show that when the MVO algorithm is applied to the MRP-WMN problem, the connected client ratio increases by 15.1%, 11.5%, and 5.9% on average, and the path loss reduces by 1.3, 0.9, and 0.6 dB when compared to the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss the study of ad hoc networks and their different varieties, including wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, and mobile ad hoc network, and discuss the most important results from 2000 to 2022 from various authors.
TL;DR: SDFog-Mesh as mentioned in this paper uses P4 language to insert/delete flow rules dynamically on the fog nodes for different classes of IoT traffic such as IoT to Fog (IF), fog to fog (FF), Fog to Cloud (FC), and IoT to IC.
Abstract: Large public congregation of short period such as Kumbh Mela, Hajj, open fairs, outdoor musical concerts etc. require temporary to semi-permanent communication and computation infrastructure to provide IoT based smart services. For these use cases, wireless mesh networks (WMN) present themselves as an elegant underlying communication substrate for designing IoT-based smart infrastructures where the wired network is not a cost-effective solution. Further, the mesh network devices such as wireless routers, access points, and gateways can also be utilized to support in-network computing for installation and execution of microservices dynamically. This paper presents the design and implementation of a software-defined wireless fog infrastructure for IoT-based semi-permanent smart infrastructure. Our proposed controller ”SDFog-Mesh” can be deployed quickly to support in-network computing over wireless network devices. Further, this controller also assists in choosing the fog nodes which are best suited for executing the desired microservice. However, the interesting challenge is to create an execution environment on fog nodes and to redirect the IoT traffic towards the deployed micro-services on-the-fly. The “SDFog-Mesh” architecture utilizes P4 language to insert/delete flow rules dynamically on the fog nodes for different classes of IoT traffic such as IoT to Fog (IF), Fog to Fog (FF), Fog to Cloud (FC) and IoT to Cloud (IC). We have considered MQTT-based IoT application as a demonstrative example to enable IF, FF, FC, and IC communication within a fog environment. The microservices of various QoS classes are deployed over our implemented testbed to evaluate our approach. Our proposed architecture has also been emulated with more devices using Mininet-Wifi for the same microservices classes for evaluating the scalability. We have considered parameters like setup time, flow creation time in data path devices, microservice service time, QoS constraints, and maintenance overhead for evaluation. The gathered results establish the applicability of our proposed solution.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors presented an application of the Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) to solve the mesh routers placement problem in wireless mesh networks, taking into account two important metrics such as network connectivity and user coverage.
Abstract: Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have rapid real developments during the last decade due to their simple implementation at low cost, easy network maintenance, and reliable service coverage. Despite these properties, the nodes placement of such networks imposes an important research issue for network operators and influences strongly the WMNs performance. This challenging issue is known to be an NP-hard problem, and solving it using approximate optimization algorithms (i.e. heuristic and meta-heuristic) is essential. This motivates our attempts to present an application of the Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) to solve the mesh routers placement problem in WMNs in this work. Experiments are conducted on several scenarios under different settings, taking into account two important metrics such as network connectivity and user coverage. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of COA in finding optimal mesh routers locations when compared to other optimization algorithms such as Firefly Algorithm (FA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Bat Algorithm (BA), African Vulture Optimization Algorithm (AVOA), Aquila Optimizer (AO), Bald Eagle Search optimization (BES), Coronavirus herd immunity optimizer (CHIO), and Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA).
TL;DR: In this article , the problem of optimal network function virtualization for providing multicast services in wireless mesh networks with minimal total cost is modeled in two different ways: Link-based model (LBM) and Path-based Model (PBM), and a heuristic solution based on the decomposition of the problem into two smaller sub-problems that can be solved sequentially in two phases.
Abstract: Network Function Virtualization is a key technology that enables network operators to provide diverse communication services flexibly over a common infrastructure, resulting in a significantly reduced cost. This paper addresses the problem of optimal network function virtualization for providing multicast services in wireless mesh networks with minimal total cost. This problem is modeled in two different ways: Link-based Model (LBM) and Path-based Model (PBM). In both models, we formulate the problem as an integer linear program to find the best hosts for virtual network functions and to steer traffic across them by considering wireless interference and resource budgets. Furthermore, we propose a heuristic solution based on the decomposition of the problem into two smaller sub-problems that can be solved sequentially in two phases. In the first phase, a multicast tree for forwarding traffic is constructed, while in the second phase, the required network functions are instantiated in appropriately chosen nodes. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance and complexity of the exact solutions of link-based and path-based approaches and the proposed heuristic approach. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed path-based model and the heuristic algorithm.
TL;DR: The results conclude that the transmission efficiency and coverage area are significantly enhanced using the proposed LoRa mesh network and potentially expanded in larger duct environments.
Abstract: Duct air quality monitoring (DAQM) is a typical process for building controls, with multiple infections outbreaks reported over time linked with duct system defilement. Various research works have been published with analyses on the air quality inside ducting systems using microcontrollers and low-cost smart sensors instead of conventional meters. However, researchers face problems sending data within limited range and cross-sections inside the duct to the gateway using available wireless technologies, as the transmission is entirely a non-line-of-sight. Therefore, this study developed a new instrument for DAQM to integrate microcontrollers and sensors with a mobile robot using LoRa as the wireless communication medium. The main contribution of this paper is the evaluation of mesh LoRa strategies using our instrument to overcome network disruption problems at the cross-sections and extend the coverage area within the duct environment. A mobile LoRa-based data collection technique is implemented for various data sensors such as DHT22, MQ7, MQ2, MQ135, and DSM50A to identify carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, smoke, and PM2.5 levels. This study analyzed the efficiency of data transmission and signal strength to cover the air duct environment using several network topologies. The experimental design covered four different scenarios with different configurations in a multi-story building. The network performance evaluations focused on the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Experimental results in all scenarios showed an improvement in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and significant improvement in the coverage area in the mesh network setup. The results conclude that the transmission efficiency and coverage area are significantly enhanced using the proposed LoRa mesh network and potentially expanded in larger duct environments.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present a library that allows to integrate LoRa end nodes into a LoRa mesh network, in which a routing protocol is used to send and receive data packets to and from other nodes in the LoRA mesh network.
Abstract: LoRa is a popular communication technology in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain, providing low-power and long-range communications. Most LoRa IoT applications use the LoRaWAN architecture, which builds a star topology between LoRa end nodes and the gateway they connect to. However, LoRa can also be used for the communication between end nodes themselves, forming a mesh network topology. In this paper, we present a library that allows to integrate LoRa end nodes into a LoRa mesh network, in which a routing protocol is used. Thus, an IoT application running on these nodes can use the library to send and receive data packets to and from other nodes in the LoRa mesh network. The designed routing protocol is proactive, and maintains the routing table at each node updated by sending routing messages between neighboring nodes. The implemented library has been tested on embedded boards featuring an ESP32 microcontroller and a LoRa single-channel radio. By using our LoRa mesh library, nodes do not need to connect to a LoRaWAN gateway, but among themselves. This opens the possibility for new, distributed applications solely built upon tiny IoT nodes.
TL;DR: In this paper , a secure and sustainable novel trust mechanism framework was proposed to identify the malicious nodes in wireless mesh networks and improve the nodes' cooperation, where direct trust was computed based on the packet-forwarding behavior of a node and indirect trust is computed by aggregating the recommendations using the weighted D-S theory.
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) Mesh networks are becoming very popular to enable IoT devices to communicate without relying on dedicated PC services. Internet of Things (IoT) implicitly uses mesh networks. IoT connectivity to cloud and edge computing is in vogue. A Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a multi-hop and distributed wireless network with mesh routers and mesh clients. Data originating from mesh clients are forwarded to destinations through mesh routers. In IoT Mesh networks, mesh clients are IoT devices. The crucial security issue with these networks is the lack of a trusted third party for validation. However, trust between nodes is required for the proper functioning of the network. WMNs are particularly vulnerable as they rely upon cooperative forwarding. In this research work, a secure and sustainable novel trust mechanism framework is proposed. This framework identifies the malicious nodes in WMNs and improves the nodes’ cooperation. The proposed framework or model differentiates between legitimate and malicious nodes using direct trust and indirect trust. Direct trust is computed based on the packet-forwarding behavior of a node. Mesh routers have multi radios, so the promiscuous mode may not work. A new two-hop mechanism is proposed to observe the neighbors’ packet forwarding behavior. Indirect trust is computed by aggregating the recommendations using the weighted D-S theory, where weight is computed using a novel similarity mechanism that correlates the recommendations received from different neighbors. Dynamic weight computation calculates the overall trust by using several interactions. We present the evaluations to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the presence of packet drop/modification attacks, bad-mouthing attacks, on-off attacks, and collusion attacks by using the ns-2 simulator.
TL;DR: In this paper , an opportunistic routing algorithm based on trust relationships for wireless mesh networks is proposed to solve the problem of low message delivery rate and high network resource consumption when forwarding messages in opportunistic networks.
Abstract: To solve the problem of low message delivery rate and high network resource consumption when forwarding messages in opportunistic networks, an opportunistic routing algorithm based on trust relationships for wireless mesh networks is proposed. Firstly, the wireless mesh network is analyzed and the opportunistic routing model is constructed; By analyzing the security mechanism and security threat of communication entities, then measuring the trust degree of links and nodes, establishing the trust relationship between nodes, and defining and quantifying a new security measurement method based on the trust model; Finally, according to the security measurement method defined by the model, select the node with high trust value to participate in the message forwarding process. At the same time, give priority to the node with greater trust with the destination node as the relay node, and allocate the message copy according to the trust degree to make the message pass along the direction of increasing trust, to complete the design of opportunistic routing algorithm in wireless mesh networks. Experimental results show that the routing algorithm can effectively improve the message delivery rate, up to about 95%, and reduce the consumption of network resources.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed a gradient assisted routing (GAR) protocol for multi-hop mesh networks. But the proposed protocol relies on two-hop neighbors' information exchanged in beacons in contrast to conventional geographic routing protocols which rely on external positioning information.
TL;DR: In this article , a new technique of spreading status overtime is proposed to improve the reliability in receiving confirmation messages in a Bluetooth mesh network, which can reduce the probability of message delivery due to collisions, especially when the number of devices in the network increases.
Abstract: Bluetooth mesh is a recent technology built on the Bluetooth low energy protocol stack architecture, focusing on the Internet of Things. It represents an excellent solution for commercial and industrial lighting applications, though it is still evolving. One of the biggest challenges of the Bluetooth mesh network is the improvement of confirmation messages reception. In a Bluetooth mesh network, determining the Status of the received messages is a critical aspect that can generate unexpected issues when multiple devices respond simultaneously, as it may occur in some lighting applications. This behavior can reduce the probability of message delivery due to collisions, especially when the number of devices in the network increases. This article aims to improve the reliability in receiving confirmation messages in a Bluetooth mesh network by proposing a new technique of spreading Status overtime. To evaluate the proposed technique’s performance, we compare our technique with a Bluetooth mesh network with standard configuration (SC) using real nodes experimental setup. We evaluated our results in terms of packet-loss rate, obtaining 98.84% of the Status received for the network with our optimized configuration and 96.98% for those with the SC. Finally, an in-depth performance evaluation method for the analysis of the lost Status was also conducted.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present a solution for performing analogue measurements during natural hazards through a wireless sensor network that supports mesh topologies, based on the Open Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for routing data through a set of routers.
Abstract: The objective of this study is developing a new wireless sensor network strategy for analogue measurements to monitor and mitigate natural hazard. The manuscript presents a novel solution for performing analogue measurements during natural hazards through a wireless sensor network that supports mesh topologies. It is based on the Open Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for routing data through a set of routers supporting every version of the IEEE 802.11 standard (WiFi), from a to ax. In order to overcome every limitation in previous wireless systems, the article presents an overview of existing mesh technologies for microcontroller-based architecture (IEEE 802.15.4) and CPU-based architecture (IEEE 802.11), mainly dedicated to seismic or volcanic hazards. We highlight each of the decisive advantages of the presented technology compared to previous hazard monitoring systems. The new technology purposes multiple topologies, modern network performances and original measurement in real case scenarios, with a same generic solution adaptable to several natural hazards. Topology tests and outdoor experiments were performed in open air; the latter provided analogue measurements in the context of a prescribed vegetation fire and river. These results are discussed in terms of the network latency, user mobility, and measurement uncertainties. Finally, the manuscript concludes with an outlook offered by the novel system for a better understanding of mitigating extreme natural events.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , a Fast Convergence RDVM (FC-RDVM) was proposed to solve the node placement problem in wireless mesh networks, which has better performance than RDVM.
Abstract: Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have many advantages such as easy maintenance, low upfront cost and high robustness. However, WMNs have some problems such as node placement problem, security, transmission power and so on. In our previous work, we implemented a hybrid simulation system based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Hill Climbing (HC) called WMN-PSOHC for solving the node placement problem in WMNs. We also proposed and impremented Rational Decrement of Vmax Method (RDVM). In this paper, we propose and implement a Fast Convergence RDVM (FC-RDVM). We compare the performance of FC-RDVM with RDVM. Simulation results show that FC-RDVM has better performance than RDVM.
TL;DR: The architecture of the Smart Doorbell, the viability evaluation results, and a direct comparison with FruityMesh, a competing Bluetooth low energy mesh network protocol are presented.
Abstract: Bluetooth low energy is an almost ubiquitous technology currently embedded in billions of power-constrained Internet of Things devices around the world. The Bluetooth mesh profile, released by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group in July 2017, allows Bluetooth low energy devices to form a mesh network, further enabling smart home and building applications where long-range connectivity is required. However, the current release of Bluetooth mesh profile still has power and deployment constraints that limit its applicability. To explore the viability of Bluetooth mesh profile in home/building automation applications, we built the Smart Doorbell: a proof-of-concept Bluetooth mesh profile–based visitor notification system for office spaces. The Smart Doorbell was implemented using a mesh network topology with nodes distributed across office building floors, serving as a real Internet of Things deployment and as a testbed for mesh network protocols. Similar Bluetooth mesh profile evaluations found in literature use mostly development kits and/or synthetic traffic in artificial settings; we contribute by using the Smart Doorbell, a system as close as possible to a minimum viable product, to evaluate power consumption and responsiveness as a proxy for product viability. This article presents the architecture of the Smart Doorbell, the viability evaluation results, and a direct comparison with FruityMesh, a competing Bluetooth low energy mesh network protocol. Overall, the fact that Bluetooth mesh profile devices can directly communicate with a user’s mobile phone (using Bluetooth low energy) considerably eases deployment and provisioning. However, the use of flooding to forward messages across the mesh network increases power consumption, precluding the use of battery-powered nodes on the network’s backbone and severely limiting the applicability of Bluetooth mesh profile in building automation.
TL;DR: This study focused on the development of a simulated mesh network through ESP8266 enabled devices to deliver a straightforward setup and portable connectivity and proved that portability can be achieved to avoid loss of connection when nodes abruptly fail in the network.
Abstract: Mesh network is very effective for node-to-node communications. In networks that require and demand devices for home monitoring and control, uncommon topology like Mesh is viewed to have a more effective advantage. However, when it comes to networks, Mesh Network is almost left untouched in most studies simply due to the existing network solutions such as WLAN or Bluetooth. The existence of low-powered WPAN devices fill the demand in integrating devices into mesh networks. However, constant configuration could be very complex and difficult for a mesh using existing WPAN devices since nodes constantly move in and out dynamically in the mesh network. This study focused on the development of a simulated mesh network through ESP8266 enabled devices to deliver a straightforward setup and portable connectivity. The study also developed a utility application that integrates an algorithm for node network operations, and a facility that keeps track of mesh network information including delays, node connections, and data transmission. Three(3) portable ESP8266 devices were used and configured in the study. The devices were integrated in a simulated mesh network and subjected to network processes including identity tagging, dynamic connection, routing, One-way Delay and Payload Size Tests. Results of One-Way Delay and Payload Size Tests indicate consistency of transmission and receiving of data of nodes connecting and disconnecting to the simulated network. This can be used as basis in extending further into more high-end nodes like handheld devices and even computers. Similarly, the utilization of dedicated algorithm for Mesh in this study proved that portability can be achieved to avoid loss of connection when nodes abruptly fail in the network.
TL;DR: In this article , the design and performance evaluation of a low-cost clustered wireless sensor network for building energy management (BEM) applications using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Better Approach to Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (BATMAN) is presented.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are usually deployed in mesh topologies using radio communication links. The mesh selforganizes to route data packets from sensors to the sink. However, if not carefully designed, this may create holes of uncovered areas and energy holes when many networks paths traverse a limited number of sensors. This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a low-cost clustered wireless sensor network for Building Energy Management (BEM) applications using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Better Approach to Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (BATMAN). The latter is used to interconnect gateways and cluster headers that have enough power to forward packets and make computations without compromising their battery lifetime, while the former is used to connect sensors to a cluster header. A prototype of a BEM application has been developed and the performance of the network was tested. Results show that the throughput and latency achieved are adequate for BEM applications.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors compared the results of the Stadium distribution of mesh clients for Unimodal Normal Distribution Crossover (UNDX) and Multi-parental UNDX (m) methods with Rational Decrement of Vmax Method (RDVM) as a router replacement method.
Abstract: AbstractWireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are gaining a lot of attention from researchers due to their advantages such as easy maintenance, low upfront cost, and high robustness. However, designing a robust WMN at low cost requires the use of the least possible mesh routers but still interconnected and able to offer full coverage. Therefore, the placement of mesh routers over the area of interest is a problem that entails thorough planning. In our previous work, we implemented a simulation system that deals with this problem considering Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Distributed Genetic Algorithm (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. In this paper, we compare the results of Stadium distribution of mesh clients for Unimodal Normal Distribution Crossover (UNDX) and Multi-parental UNDX (UNDX-m) methods with Rational Decrement of Vmax Method (RDVM) as a router replacement method. The simulation results show that UNDX achieves full client coverage, better connectivity and improved load balance.
TL;DR: A throughput improvement of almost 600% and a 40% reduction in packet loss was observed through simulations thus indicating the efficacy of the proposed LMS, and the uniqueness of the simulation model presented in this paper are its scalability and flexibility in terms of network topology parameters.
Abstract: —Developing a simulation model for multi-hop multi-gateway wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is a challenging task. In this paper, a multi-hop multi-gateway WMN simulation model is developed in a step-by-step approach. This paper presents a MATLAB Simulink-based simulation model of Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) designed for easy optimization of layer 2. The proposed model is of special utility for the simulation of scheduling of GateWay (GW) and packet within a multi-hop multi gateway wireless network. The simulation model provides the flexibility of controlling the flow of packets through the networks. Load management among the GWs of WMN is performed in a distributed manner wherein the nodes based on their local knowledge of neighborhood beacons optimize their path to a GW. This paper presents a centralized Load Management Scheme (LMS). The LMS is based on the formation of Gateway Service Sets (GSS). The GSS is formed on basis of equal load distribution among the GWs. The proposed LMS is then analyzed for throughput improvement by leveraging the MATLAB Simulink model developed in the paper. A throughput improvement of almost 600% and a 40% reduction in packet loss was observed through simulations thus indicating the efficacy of the proposed LMS. The uniqueness of the simulation model presented in this paper are its scalability and flexibility in terms of network topology parameters.