A. M. Bykov

TL;DR: This review adresses the physics of shock formation, shock dynamics and particle acceleration based on a close examination of available multi-wavelength or in situ observations, analytical and numerical developments and focuses on the different instabilities triggered during the shock formation and in association with particle acceleration processes.

TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction of massive stellar winds and supernova shocks inside superbubbles is discussed, and it is shown that low-energy particles experience repeated shock acceleration inside supernovae.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the current status of supernova remnants as the sources of Galactic cosmic rays and describe the acceleration processes by high Mach number shock fronts, as well as the shape and maximum energy of the cosmic-ray spectrum.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss various theories on how magnetic field amplification can proceed in the presence of a cosmic ray population, on both short and long length scales, cosmic ray streaming can induce instabilities that act to amplify the magnetic field.

TL;DR: In this article, a new long X-ray observation of the cluster of galaxies Sersic 159-03 with XMM-Newton was used to derive radial temperature and abundance profiles using single and multi-temperature models.