The ESA observatory INTEGRAL (International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) is dedicated to the fine spectroscopy (2.5 keV FWHM @ 1 MeV) and fine imaging (angular resolution: 12 arcmin FWHM) of celestial gamma-ray sources in the energy range 15 keV to 10 MeV with concurrent source monitoring in the X-ray ($3{-}35$ keV) and optical ( V -band, 550 nm) energy ranges. INTEGRAL carries two main gamma-ray instruments, the spectrometer SPI (Vedrenne et al. [CITE]) – optimized for the high-resolution gamma-ray line spectroscopy (20 keV–8 MeV), and the imager IBIS (Ubertini et al. [CITE]) – optimized for high-angular resolution imaging (15 keV–10 MeV). Two monitors, JEM-X (Lund et al. [CITE]) in the ($3{-}35$) keV X-ray band, and OMC (Mas-Hesse et al. [CITE]) in optical Johnson V -band complement the payload. The ground segment includes the Mission Operations Centre at ESOC, ESA and NASA ground stations, the Science Operations Centre at ESTEC and the Science Data Centre near Geneva. INTEGRAL was launched on 17 October 2002. The observing programme is well underway and sky exposure (until June 2003) reaches ~1800 ks in the Galactic plane. The prospects are excellent for the scientific community to observe the high energy sky using state-of-the-art gamma-ray imaging and spectroscopy. This paper presents a high-level overview of INTEGRAL.

The INTEGRAL Mission

This is the first paper in a series of studies of the Coma cluster using the SRG/eROSITA X-ray data obtained in course of the Calibration and Performance Verification observations. The data cover $\sim3^\circ\times 3^\circ$ area around the cluster with a typical exposure time of more than 20 ks. The stability of the instrumental background and operation of the SRG Observatory in the scanning mode provided us with an excellent data set for studies of the diffuse emission up to a distance of $\sim 1.5R_{200}$ from the Coma center. In this study, we discuss the rich morphology revealed by the X-ray observations (also in combination with the SZ data) and argue that the most salient features can be naturally explained by a recent (on-going) merger with the NGC 4839 group. In particular, we identify a faint X-ray bridge connecting the group with the cluster, which is convincing proof that NGC 4839 has already crossed the main cluster. The gas in the Coma core went through two shocks, first through the shock driven by NGC 4839 during its first passage through the cluster some Gyr ago, and, more recently, through the "mini-accretion shock" associated with the gas settling back to quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium in the core. After passing through the primary shock, the gas should spend much of the time in a rarefaction region, where radiative losses of electrons are small, until the gas is compressed again by the mini-accretion shock. Unlike "runway" merger shocks, the mini-accretion shock does not feature a rarefaction region downstream and, therefore, the radio emission can survive longer. Such a two-stage process might explain the formation of the radio halo in the Coma cluster.

/pdf/tempestuous-life-beyond-r-500-x-ray-view-on-the-coma-cluster-2zyqblr4lf.pdf

Tempestuous life beyond R_500: X-ray view on the Coma cluster with SRG/eROSITA. I. X-ray morphology, recent merger, and radio halo connection

A black hole x-ray binary (XRB) system forms when gas is stripped from a normal star and accretes onto a black hole, which heats the gas sufficiently to emit x-rays. We report a polarimetric observation of the XRB Cygnus X-1 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. The electric field position angle aligns with the outflowing jet, indicating that the jet is launched from the inner x-ray–emitting region. The polarization degree is 4.01 ± 0.20% at 2 to 8 kiloelectronvolts, implying that the accretion disk is viewed closer to edge-on than the binary orbit. These observations reveal that hot x-ray–emitting plasma is spatially extended in a plane perpendicular to, not parallel to, the jet axis. Description x-ray polarization of Cygnus X-1 A black hole in a binary system can rip material off of its companion star, which heats up and forms an accretion disk. The disc emits light in the optical and x-ray bands, forming an x-ray binary (XRB) system. Some XRBs also launch a jet of fast-moving material that is visible at radio wavelengths. Krawczynski et al. observed the x-ray polarization of Cygnus X-1, a black hole XRB with a radio jet. By comparing the measured polarization properties with several competing XRB models, they eliminated some hypothesized geometries and determined that the x-ray–emitting region extends parallel to the accretion disc. —KTS x-ray polarization measurements determine the geometric arrangement of hot material accreting onto a black hole.

/pdf/polarized-x-rays-constrain-the-disk-jet-geometry-in-the-i29gmhkr.pdf

Polarized x-rays constrain the disk-jet geometry in the black hole x-ray binary Cygnus X-1

This is the first paper in a series of studies of the Coma cluster using the SRG/eROSITA X-ray data obtained in the course of the calibration and performance verification observations. The data cover a ~3° × 3° area around the cluster with a typical exposure time of more than 20 ks. The stability of the instrumental background and operation of the SRG observatory in the scanning mode provided us with an excellent data set for studies of the diffuse emission up to a distance of ~1.5R 200 from the Coma center. In this study, we discuss the rich morphology revealed by the X-ray observations (also in combination with the SZ data) and argue that the most salient features can be naturally explained by a recent (ongoing) merger with the NGC 4839 group. In particular, we identify a faint X-ray bridge connecting the group with the cluster, which is convincing proof that NGC 4839 has already crossed the main cluster. The gas in the Coma core went through two shocks, first through the shock driven by NGC 4839 during its first passage through the cluster some gigayear ago and, more recently, through the “mini-accretion shock” associated with the gas settling back to quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium in the core. After passing through the primary shock, the gas should spend much of the time in a rarefaction region, where radiative losses of electrons are small, until the gas is compressed again by the mini-accretion shock. Unlike “runway” merger shocks, the mini-accretion shock does not feature a rarefaction region downstream and, therefore, the radio emission can survive longer. Such a two-stage process might explain the formation of the radio halo in the Coma cluster.

/pdf/tempestuous-life-beyond-r500-x-ray-view-on-the-coma-cluster-n776bi9gim.pdf

Tempestuous life beyond R500: X-ray view on the Coma cluster with SRG/eROSITA - I. X-ray morphology, recent merger, and radio halo connection

We present two complementary NuSTAR x-ray searches for keV-scale dark matter decaying to monoenergetic photons in the Milky Way halo. In the ﬁrst, we utilize the known intensity pattern of unfocused stray light across the detector planes—the dominant source of photons from diﬀuse sources—to separate astrophysical emission from internal instrument backgrounds using ∼ 7- Ms/detector deep blank-sky exposures. In the second, we present an updated parametric model of the full NuSTAR instrument background, allowing us to leverage the statistical power of an independent ∼ 20-Ms/detector stacked exposures spread across the sky. Finding no evidence of anomalous x-ray lines using either method, we set limits on the active-sterile mixing angle sin 2 (2 θ ) for sterile-neutrino masses 6–40 keV. The ﬁrst key result is that we strongly disfavor a ∼ 7-keV sterile neutrino decaying into a 3.5-keV photon. The second is that we derive leading limits on sterile neutrinos with masses ∼ 15–18 keV and ∼ 25–40 keV, reaching or extending below the big bang nucleosynthesis limit. In combination with previous results, the parameter space for the neutrino minimal standard model is now nearly closed.

Long-exposure NuSTAR constraints on decaying dark matter in the Galactic halo

ART-XC (Astronomical Roentgen Telescope - X-ray Concentrator) is the hard X-ray instrument with grazing incidence imaging optics on board the Spektr-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) observatory. The SRG observatory is the flagship astrophysical mission of the Russian Federal Space Program, which was successively launched into orbit around the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system with a Proton rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome on 13 July 2019. The ART-XC telescope will provide the first ever true imaging all-sky survey performed with grazing incidence optics in the 4-30 keV energy band and will obtain the deepest and sharpest map of the sky in the energy range of 4-12 keV. Observations performed during the early calibration and performance verification phase as well as during the on-going all-sky survey that started on 12 Dec. 2019 have demonstrated that the in-flight characteristics of the ART-XC telescope are very close to expectations based on the results of ground calibrations. Upon completion of its 4-year all-sky survey, ART-XC is expected to detect ~5000 sources (~3000 active galactic nuclei, including heavily obscured ones, several hundred clusters of galaxies, ~1000 cataclysmic variables and other Galactic sources), and to provide a high-quality map of the Galactic background emission in the 4-12 keV energy band. ART-XC is also well suited for discovering transient X-ray sources. In this paper, we describe the telescope, results of its ground calibrations, major aspects of the mission, the in-flight performance of ART-XC and first scientific results.

/pdf/the-art-xc-telescope-on-board-the-srg-observatory-52irnle5fh.pdf

The ART-XC telescope on board the SRG observatory

Astronomical Roentgen Telescope – X-ray Concentrator (ART-XC) is the hard X-ray instrument with grazing incidence imaging optics on board the Spektr-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) observatory. The SRG observatory is the flagship astrophysical mission of the Russian Federal Space Program, which was successively launched into orbit around the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system with a Proton rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome on 13 July 2019. The ART-XC telescope will provide the first ever true imaging all-sky survey performed with grazing incidence optics in the 4–30 keV energy band and will obtain the deepest and sharpest map of the sky in the energy range of 4–12 keV. Observations performed during the early calibration and performance verification phase as well as during the ongoing all-sky survey that started on 12 December 2019 have demonstrated that the in-flight characteristics of the ART-XC telescope are very close to expectations based on the results of ground calibrations. Upon completion of its four-year all-sky survey, ART-XC is expected to detect approximately 5000 sources (~3000 active galactic nuclei, including heavily obscured ones, several hundred clusters of galaxies, ~1000 cataclysmic variables and other Galactic sources), and to provide a high-quality map of the Galactic background emission in the 4–12 keV energy band. ART-XC is also well suited for discovering transient X-ray sources. In this paper, we describe the telescope, the results of its ground calibrations, the major aspects of the mission, the in-flight performance of ART-XC, and the first scientific results.

/pdf/the-art-xc-telescope-on-board-the-srg-observatory-3aytahyxdk.pdf

A. Ryadov

Papers

The ART-XC telescope on board the SRG observatory

The ART-XC telescope on board the SRG observatory