2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61766-8.pdf

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

This paper studies the time constant for first-passage percolation, and the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) payment, for the shortest path on a ladder graph (a width-2 strip) with random edge costs, treating both in a unified way based on recursive distributional equations.

For first-passage percolation where the edge costs are independent Bernoulli random variables we find the time constant exactly; it is a rational function of the Bernoulli parameter. For first-passage percolation where the edge costs are uniform random variables we present a reasonably efficient means for obtaining arbitrarily close upper and lower bounds. Using properties of Harris chains we also show that the incremental cost to advance through the medium has a unique stationary distribution, and we compute stochastic lower and upper bounds. We rely on no special properties of the uniform distribution: the same methods could be applied to any well-behaved, bounded cost distribution.

For the VCG payment, with Bernoulli-distributed costs the payment for an n-long ladder, divided by n, tends to an explicit rational function of the Bernoulli parameter. Again, our methods apply more generally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 38, 350-364, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

First-passage percolation on a ladder graph, and the path cost in a VCG auction

Traceroute sampling is an important technique in exploring the internet router graph and the autonomous system graph. Although it is one of the primary techniques used in calculating statistics about the internet, it can introduce bias that corrupts these estimates. This paper reports on a theoretical and experimental investigation of a new technique to reduce the bias of traceroute sampling when estimating the degree distribution. We develop a new estimator for the degree of a node in a traceroute-sampled graph; validate the estimator theoretically in Erdos-Renyi graphs and, through computer experiments, for a wider range of graphs; and apply it to produce a new picture of the degree distribution of the autonomous system graph.

/pdf/bias-reduction-in-traceroute-sampling-towards-a-more-1r36l7ude3.pdf

Bias reduction in traceroute sampling - towards a more accurate map of the internet

It is known that random k-CNF formulas have a so-called satisfiability threshold at a density (namely, clause-variable ratio) of roughly 2kln2: at densities slightly below this threshold almost all k-CNF formulas are satisfiable, whereas slightly above this threshold almost no k-CNF formula is satisfiable In the current work we consider satisfiable random formulas and inspect another parameter—the diameter of the solution space (that is, the maximal Hamming distance between a pair of satisfying assignments) It was previously shown that for all densities up to a density slightly below the satisfiability threshold the diameter is almost surely at least roughly n/2 (and n at much lower densities) At densities very much higher than the satisfiability threshold, the diameter is almost surely zero (a very dense satisfiable formula is expected to have only one satisfying assignment) In this paper we show that for all densities above a density that is slightly above the satisfiability threshold (more precisel

/pdf/on-the-diameter-of-the-set-of-satisfying-assignments-in-4ev5jy40ie.pdf

On the Diameter of the Set of Satisfying Assignments in Random Satisfiable k-CNF Formulas

Estimating incidence, remission, and mortality rates as functions of age and time is an important public health problem. We model disease rates as smooth with respect to both age and time. This is combined with an ordinary differential equation for the healthy and infected population, where date of birth (cohort) is fixed and age is the independent variable. The result is a multivariate Gauss--Markov random field model for the healthy population, infected population, and the disease rates. The corresponding inverse covariance matrix (precision matrix) is sparse. We model some standard public health measurements in terms of this random field. An offset parameter controls the level at which the residual transitions between being lognormal and normal. This enables the combination of measurement values that are zero with measurements that are lognormal for large values. The freely available nonlinear programming solver Ipopt, which takes advantage of the sparsity, is used to obtain the maximum a posteriori es...

A Statistical Model and Estimation of Disease Rates as Functions of Age and Time

Consider a game in which edges of a graph are provided a pair at a time, and the player selects one edge from each pair, attempting to construct a graph with a component as large as possible. This game is in the spirit of recent papers on avoiding a giant component, but here we embrace it.

Abraham D. Flaxman

Papers

First-passage percolation on a ladder graph, and the path cost in a VCG auction

Bias reduction in traceroute sampling - towards a more accurate map of the internet

On the Diameter of the Set of Satisfying Assignments in Random Satisfiable k-CNF Formulas

A Statistical Model and Estimation of Disease Rates as Functions of Age and Time

Embracing the giant component