Alun G. Williams

TL;DR: The local leg-muscle aerobic capacity and Ratio1:2 vary from person to person and this influences the extent of muscle adaptations following standardised endurance training, which helps to explain why muscle adaptations vary between people and suggests that setting the training stimulus at a fixed percentage might not be a good way to standardise theTraining stimulus to the leg muscles of different people.

TL;DR: It is shown for the first time that variation in the VEGFR2 gene is associated with elite athlete status, endurance performance of female rowers and muscle fibre type composition.

TL;DR: Current and future directions in exercise genetics and genomics are summarized and it remains to be determined whether the novel approaches under current implementation will result in findings with real practical significance.

TL;DR: Well-developed speed, agility, lower-body power, and strength characteristics are vital for elite performance, probably reflect both environmental and genetic factors, distinguish between competitive levels, and are therefore important determinants of elite status in rugby.

TL;DR: Future research using well-defined independent cohorts such as elite athletes to study such phenotypes can provide a greater understanding of these factors as well as the biological underpinnings of such a physiologically “extreme” population.