Showing papers by "Anja Feldmann published in 2013"
01 Jul 2013
TL;DR: This paper revisits the design and operating space of CDN-ISP collaboration in light of recent ISP and CDN alliances, and identifies two key enablers for supporting collaboration and improving content delivery performance: informed end-user to server assignment and in-network server allocation.
Abstract: Today a spectrum of solutions are available for istributing content over the Internet, ranging from commercial CDNs to ISP-operated CDNs to content-provider-operated CDNs to peer-to-peer CDNs. Some deploy servers in just a few large data centers while others deploy in thousands of locations or even on millions of desktops. Recently, major CDNs have formed strategic alliances with large ISPs to provide content delivery network solutions. Such alliances show the natural evolution of content delivery today driven by the need to address scalability issues and to take advantage of new technology and business opportunities.In this paper we revisit the design and operating space of CDN-ISP collaboration in light of recent ISP and CDN alliances. We identify two key enablers for supporting collaboration and improving content delivery performance: informed end-user to server assignment and in-network server allocation. We report on the design and evaluation of a prototype system, NetPaaS, that materializes them. Relying on traces from the largest commercial CDN and a large tier-1 ISP, we show that NetPaaS is able to increase CDN capacity on-demand, enable coordination, reduce download time, and achieve multiple traffic engineering goals leading to a win-win situation for both ISP and CDN.
155 citations
04 Nov 2013
TL;DR: It is argued in this article that IXPs are all about data centers and cloud services and even SDN and mobile communication and should be of great interest to networking researchers interested in understanding the current and future Internet ecosystem.
Abstract: Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) are generally considered to be the successors of the four Network Access Points (NAPs) that were mandated as part of the decommissioning of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) in 1994/95 to facilitate the transition from the NSFNET to the "public Internet" as we know it today. While this popular view does not tell the whole story behind the early beginnings of IXPs, what is true is that since around 1994, the number of operational IXPs worldwide has grown to more than 300 (as of May 2013), with the largest IXPs handling daily traffic volumes comparable to those carried by the largest Tier-1 ISPs. However, IXPs have never really attracted much attention from the networking research community. At first glance, this lack of interest seems understandable as IXPs have apparently little to do with current "hot" topic areas such as data centers and cloud services or Software Defined Networking (SDN) and mobile communication. However, we argue in this article that, in fact, IXPs are all about data centers and cloud services and even SDN and mobile communication and should be of great interest to networking researchers interested in understanding the current and future Internet ecosystem. To this end, we survey the existing but largely fragmented sources of publicly available information about IXPs to describe their basic technical and operational aspects and highlight the critical differences among the various IXPs in the different regions of the world, especially in Europe and North America. More importantly, we illustrate the important role that IXPs play in today's Internet ecosystem and discuss how IXP-driven innovation in Europe is shaping and redefining the Internet marketplace, not only in Europe but increasingly so around the world.
115 citations
27 Aug 2013
83 citations
TL;DR: Redirection of T cells with a first fully humanized bispecific CD33–CD3 antibody efficiently eliminates AML blasts without harming hematopoietic stem cells.
Abstract: Redirection of T cells with a first fully humanized bispecific CD33–CD3 antibody efficiently eliminates AML blasts without harming hematopoietic stem cells
75 citations
23 Oct 2013
TL;DR: It is shown that the adoption of ECS offers unique, but likely unintended, opportunities to uncover details about these companies' operational practices at almost no cost, and which operational information gets exposed when utilizing this recent DNS extension.
Abstract: The recently proposed DNS extension, EDNS-Client-Subnet (ECS), has been quickly adopted by major Internet companies such as Google to better assign user requests to their servers and improve end-user experience. In this paper, we show that the adoption of ECS also offers unique, but likely unintended, opportunities to uncover details about these companies' operational practices at almost no cost. A key observation is that ECS allows to resolve domain names of ECS adopters on behalf of any arbitrary IP/prefix in the Internet. In fact, by utilizing only a single residential vantage point and relying solely on publicly available information, we are able to (i) uncover the global footprint of ECS adopters with very little effort, (ii) infer the DNS response cacheability and end-user clustering of ECS adopters for an arbitrary network in the Internet, and (iii) capture snapshots of user to server mappings as practiced by major ECS adopters. While pointing out such new measurement opportunities, our work is also intended to make current and future ECS adopters aware of which operational information gets exposed when utilizing this recent DNS extension.
63 citations
09 Dec 2013
TL;DR: This paper proposes a proactive, application informed approach, Socket Intents, which augment the socket interface to enable the application to express what it knows about its communication patterns and preferences and can be used by the proactive policies to choose the appropriate interface, tune the network parameters, or even combine multiple interfaces.
Abstract: In today's Internet, almost all end devices have multiple interfaces built in. This enables users to seamlessly switch between different access networks or even use them simultaneously; to better use the resources available to them and to better satisfy their needs. This is referred to as mobile data offloading and has received lots of attention recently in both the research community and in the industry. However, all the proposed data solutions either rely on static configuration policies or are reactive rather than proactive with regards to the application needs. In this paper, we propose a proactive, application informed approach, Socket Intents. Socket Intents augment the socket interface to enable the application to express what it knows about its communication patterns and preferences. This information can then be used by our proactive policies to choose the appropriate interface, tune the network parameters, or even combine multiple interfaces. We provide a prototype implementation of our Socket Intents and present a first evaluation of the Intents and its benefits.
59 citations
23 Oct 2013
TL;DR: The extent of network heterogenization in today's Internet is shown and how it enriches the traditional, largely traffic-agnostic AS-level view of the Internet is illustrated.
Abstract: In the context of measuring the Internet, a long-standing question has been whether there exist well-localized physical entities in today's network where traffic from a representative cross-section of the constituents of the Internet can be observed at a fine-enough granularity to paint an accurate and informative picture of how these constituents shape and impact much of the structure and evolution of today's Internet and the actual traffic it carries. In this paper, we first answer this question in the affirmative by mining 17 weeks of continuous sFlow data from one of the largest European IXPs. Examining these weekly snapshots, we discover a vantage point with excellent visibility into the Internet, seeing week-in and week-out traffic from all 42K+ routed ASes, almost all 450K+ routed prefixes, from close to 1.5M servers, and around a quarter billion IPs from all around the globe. Second, to show the potential of such vantage points, we analyze the server-related portion of the traffic at this IXP, identify the server IPs and cluster them according to the organizations responsible for delivering the content. In the process, we observe a clear trend among many of the critical Internet players towards network heterogenization; that is, either hosting servers of third-party networks in their own infrastructures or pursuing massive deployments of their own servers in strategically chosen third-party networks. While the latter is a well-known business strategy of companies such as Akamai, Google, and Netflix, we show in this paper the extent of network heterogenization in today's Internet and illustrate how it enriches the traditional, largely traffic-agnostic AS-level view of the Internet.
55 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that La protein is not limited to the surface of dying cells but will be released upon stress-induced cell death, and a novel fully humanized single-chain bispecific antibody which on the one hand is directed to the La antigen and on the other hand to the CD3 complex of T cells activated Tregs in a target-dependent manner.
55 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose Multi-source Multipath HTTP (mHTTP) which takes advantage of all existing types of path diversity in the Internet and reduces download times for large objects up to 50%.
Abstract: Today, most devices have multiple network interfaces. Coupled with wide-spread replication of popular content at multiple locations, this provides substantial path diversity in the Internet. We propose Multi-source Multipath HTTP, mHTTP, which takes advantage of all existing types of path diversity in the Internet. mHTTP needs only client-side but not server-side or network modifications as it is a receiver-oriented mechanism. Moreover, the modifications are restricted to the socket interface. Thus, no changes are needed to the applications or to the kernel.
As mHTTP relies on HTTP range requests, it is specific to HTTP which accounts for more than 60% of the Internet traffic. We implement mHTTP and study its performance by conducting measurements over a testbed and in the wild. Our results show that mHTTP indeed takes advantage of all types of path diversity in the Internet, and that it is a viable alternative to Multipath TCP for HTTP traffic. mHTTP decreases download times for large objects up to 50%, whereas it does no harm to small object downloads.
31 citations
01 Nov 2013
TL;DR: A pre-clustering algorithm OPTCUT is presented that is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the amount of link resources needed for the embedding of virtual nodes of the same VNet, and it is shown that it can greatly improve the state-of-the-art embedding algorithm SecondNet.
Abstract: Given that mechanisms for resource isolation are in place, the collocation of virtual network (VNet) nodes is attractive as it reduces the inter-machine communication and hence improves the VNet embedding. However, existing VNet embedding algorithms either do not support the collocation of virtual nodes of the same VNet, or only support it implicitly by referring to the possibility to pre-cluster the VNet topology: this pre-clustered network forms the new VNet request and is embedded accordingly. This paper presents a pre-clustering algorithm OPTCUT that is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the amount of link resources needed for the embedding. It is based on a smart linear program formulation that ensures fast solutions. OPTCUT can be used together with any existing VNet embedding algorithms, and we show that it can greatly improve the state-of-the-art embedding algorithm SecondNet [16]. The paper also describes a simple algorithm LoCo that directly supports collocation. This algorithm is part of a novel and generic VNet embedding framework METATREE which may be of independent interest. We compare the performance of the pre-clustering approaches with the direct VNet embeddings by LoCo, and find that preclustering also has its limitations. In particular, the information gap between the pre-clustering and the actual algorithm, as well as an inaccurate estimation of the distribution of remaining substrate resources, may lead to a low network utilization.
29 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: It is argued in this article that IXPs are all about data centers and cloud services and even SDN and mobile communication and should be of great interest to networking researchers interested in understanding the current and future Internet ecosystem.
Abstract: Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) are generally considered to be the successors of the four Network Access Points that were mandated as part of the decommissioning of the NSFNET in 1994/95 to facilitate the transition from the NSFNET to the "public Internet" as we know it today. While this popular view does not tell the whole story behind the early beginnings of IXPs, what is true is that since around 1994, the number of operational IXPs worldwide has grown to more than 300 (as of May 2013), with the largest IXPs handling daily traffic volumes comparable to those carried by the largest Tier-1 ISPs, but IXPs have never really attracted any attention from the networking research community. At first glance, this lack of interest seems understandable as IXPs have apparently little to do with current "hot" topic areas such as data centers and cloud services or software defined networking (SDN) and mobile communication. However, we argue in this article that, in fact, IXPs are all about data centers and cloud services and even SDN and mobile communication and should be of great interest to networking researchers interested in understanding the current and future Internet ecosystem. To this end, we survey the existing but largely unknown sources of publicly available information about IXPs to describe their basic technical and operational aspects and highlight the critical differences among the various IXPs in the different regions of the world, especially in Europe and North America. More importantly, we illustrate the important role that IXPs play in today's Internet ecosystem and discuss how IXP-driven innovation in Europe is shaping and redefining the Internet marketplace, not only in Europe but increasingly so around the world.
14 Apr 2013
TL;DR: This demo combines Energino, an open real-time energy consumption monitoring toolkit with Odin a software defined networking framework for WLANs, which enables energy programmable WiFi networks, allowing to cluster clients around access points in an energy-efficient and performant manner.
Abstract: WiFi hotspots are increasingly deployed to relieve cellular networks from the burden generated by data-hungry mobile applications. Such deployments generally cater for the worst case scenario, which leads to over-provisioning of resources eventually resulting in a significant energy waste when little or no traffic is present. In this demo, we present an integrated energy and mobility management solution for WiFi networks. The demo combines Energino, an open real-time energy consumption monitoring toolkit with Odin a software defined networking framework for WLANs. This integration enables energy programmable WiFi networks, allowing to cluster clients around access points in an energy-efficient and performant manner.
TL;DR: A novel modular targeting platform for T cell recruitment that not only efficiently replaces but also is superior to conventional T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies as it allows for the flexible targeting of several antigens and the delivery of co-stimulatory ligands to malignant lesions, thereby enhancing the antitumor potential of redirected T cells.
Abstract: We have recently described a novel modular targeting platform for T cell recruitment that not only efficiently replaces but also is superior to conventional T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies as it allows for the flexible targeting of several antigens and the delivery of co-stimulatory ligands to malignant lesions, thereby enhancing the antitumor potential of redirected T cells.
TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo data clearly underline that the combination of the established effector module with different target modules efficiently activated T cells against hematological malignancies.
01 Dec 2013
TL;DR: It is observed that packet losses differ widely across flows of different sizes, and even for flows of similar size, and that some flows are burstier than others as indicated by their average congestion window.
Abstract: Recent Internet studies have reported on continued traffic growth and popularity of web-based applications. Any adverse impact that these observed trends may have on Internet traffic flows can result in sub par performance, which in turn results in unsatisfactory user experience.
14 Nov 2013
TL;DR: The virtualization trend in today's Internet decoupling facilitates more flexible and efficient resource allocations, which can be realized at any place in the substrate network which fulfills the service specification requirements.
Abstract: The virtualization trend in today's Internet decouples services from the constraints of the underlying physical infrastructure. This decoupling facilitates more flexible and efficient resource allocations: the service can be realized at any place in the substrate network which fulfills the service specification requirements.
TL;DR: A thorough analysis of the scalability of the cache of LISP (Locator/ID Separation Protocol), the most successful proposal currently under discussion at the IETF, is presented, including the implications of policies to increase the level of security, based on real packet-level traces.
01 Nov 2013
TL;DR: It is shown that as ISPs are increasing the access bandwidth of their residential customers, the effects on flow-level properties are nontrivial, and large flows dominate packet losses, and even more so as access bandwidth increases.
Abstract: High-speed Internet connectivity is becoming more ubiquitous due to advances in access technologies. On the one hand, the increased access speed allows flows to consume the larger available bandwidth. On the other hand, large aggressive flows lead to more bursty traffic. In this paper, we study the impact of higher broadband access speeds on the resulting packet losses, and dissect those losses into their constituent flows. Based on tightly controlled experiments using open source tools, we show that as ISPs are increasing the access bandwidth of their residential customers, the effects on flow-level properties are nontrivial. Surprisingly, the average number of flows that participate in a packet loss burst remains small, as compared to the burst size. As expected, higher access bandwidth translates into larger packet loss bursts. Furthermore, large flows dominate packet losses, and even more so as access bandwidth increases. In contrast, irrespective of the access bandwidth, a few small flows systematically participate in loss episodes, and suffer significantly due to their limited size.
Patent•
06 Mar 2013TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a system for assigning at least one energy consumer to at most one energy provider, where a consumer preferences retrieval device is configured to retrieve data on at least consumption data, at least desired source of energy, a location of the at least energy consumer, and a data retrieval device was configured to gather continuously or in time intervals data from a plurality of energy providers.
Abstract: The invention relates to a system for assigning at least one energy consumer to at least one energy provider comprising: a consumer preferences retrieval device configured to retrieve data on at least one of the following: at least one consumption data, at least one desired source of energy, a location of the at least one energy consumer; a data retrieval device, wherein the data retrieval device is configured to gather continuously or in time intervals data from a plurality of energy providers comprising at least one energy production provider and/or at least one energy storage provider and from at least one energy grid provider, and preferably from at least one regulator and/or at least one meta-information source; a prediction engine device, wherein the prediction engine device is configured to predict a demand of energy based on the data gathered by the consumer preferences retrieval device and a production of energy based on the data gathered by the data retrieval device; and a ranking engine device, wherein the ranking engine device is configured to rank pairs of energy consumers and candidate energy providers or preferably to rank triples of energy consumers, candidate energy providers and candidate energy grid provider under consideration of the data gathered by the consumer preferences retrieval device, the data gathered by the data retrieval device and the prediction performed by the prediction engine device. The invention also relates to a system for joint optimization of energy availability and network capacity in an energy grid using at least one of the following: load balancing, transport loss minimization, stable operation of the power supply, in particular without oscillations, and robust power supply, using a system for assigning at least one energy consumer to at least one energy provider.
03 Jan 2013
TL;DR: It is expected that in the near future, infrastructure providers will offer flexibly specifiable and on-demand virtual networks over the Internet, similarly to the elastic resources in today’s clouds.
Abstract: Network virtualization realizes the vision of an Internet where resources offered by different stakeholders are used and shared by multiple co-existing virtual networks. The abstraction introduced by network virtualization opens new business opportunities. We expect that in the near future, infrastructure providers (or resource brokers and resellers) will offer flexibly specifiable and on-demand virtual networks over the Internet, similarly to the elastic resources in today’s clouds.
14 Apr 2013
TL;DR: This paper presents the architecture of the wide-area CloudNet migration demonstrator which supports two types of migrations: A latency critical virtual video streaming service migrates according to the current user locations and access patterns and a latency uncritical CloudNets-virtual networks connecting cloud resources-are re-embedded at different locations in the substrate network.
Abstract: This paper presents the architecture of our
wide-area CloudNet migration demonstrator which supports
two types of migrations: (1) A latency critical virtual
video streaming service migrates according to the current
user locations and access patterns (“move-with-the-sun”),
e.g., to improve Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters. (2)
Latency uncritical CloudNets—virtual networks connecting
cloud resources—are re-embedded at different locations in
the substrate network, e.g., to make resources available for
the latency critical applications (“move-with-the-moon”).
TL;DR: This document will help you in the decision-making process and in finding the best way to deal with the challenges that you face in the real world.
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