抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory.

Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

The optimism of the early period of antimicrobial discovery has been tempered by the emergence of bacterial strains with resistance to these therapeutics. Today, clinically important bacteria are characterized not only by single drug resistance but also by multiple antibiotic resistance--the legacy of past decades of antimicrobial use and misuse. Drug resistance presents an ever-increasing global public health threat that involves all major microbial pathogens and antimicrobial drugs.

/pdf/antibacterial-resistance-worldwide-causes-challenges-and-1cbvr301rt.pdf

Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses.

Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales).

Microbial pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis: mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia.

A pressure injection device (PID) was used to inoculate maize (Zea ~) with bacterial phytopathogens. The PID was evaluated for its speed, effectiveness, and precision relative to the needle-eye method of inoculation. Corynebacterium nebraskense, Erwinia stewartii, and Pseudomonas andropogonis were each used successfully as inocula to infect maize and produce symptoms typical of Goss's wilt, Stewart's wilt and bacterial stripe, respectively. Quantitative inoculation with the PID was faster and as statistically precise as using a calibrated needle-eye. Plant Dis. Reptr. 63: 736-738. Investigators who inoculate large numbers of plants with bacterial phytopathogens frequently must choose between tedious, time-consuming quantitative techniques and more rapid qualitative techniques that produce inconsistent results. This report evaluates a pressure injection device (PID) as a tool for the rapid and reproducible inoculation of maize (= corn). MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria and Media: Bacterial cultures used in this study (Corynebacterium nebraskense 298 (a Nebraska strain), Erwinia stewartii Z017 (obtained from D. Dye), and Pseudomonas andropogonis Pi3195 (a Nebraska strain» were maintained on a nutrient broth-yeast extract · Vol. 63, No. 9--PLANT DISEASE REPORTER--September 1979

A pressure injection device for inoculation of maize with bacterial phytopathogens

The interferon-inducing capabilities of the three molecular segments of bacteriophage φ6 double-stranded ribonucleic acid increased with increasing molecular weight.

/pdf/influence-of-molecular-weights-of-bacteriophage-ph6-double-2t7ko4f8j3.pdf

Influence of Molecular Weights of Bacteriophage φ6 Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids on Interferon Induction

This article presents the experiences of a woman in academic plant pathology from the 1950s to today. Topics include the social climate for women in science, personal and professional developments and research discoveries, public policy issues in agriculture and biotechnology affecting plant pathology, and projections for the future of plant pathology.

/pdf/the-accidental-plant-pathologist-2cgz2t3d9w.pdf

The Accidental Plant Pathologist

/pdf/certification-and-the-american-phytopathological-society-29e5ysgstt.pdf

Certification and the American Phytopathological Society.

/pdf/some-issues-for-the-biosafety-protocol-1crfjm1rvc.pdf

Anne K. Vidaver

Papers

A pressure injection device for inoculation of maize with bacterial phytopathogens

Influence of Molecular Weights of Bacteriophage φ6 Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids on Interferon Induction

The Accidental Plant Pathologist

Certification and the American Phytopathological Society.

Some issues for the biosafety protocol.