Building Theories From Case Study Research - This paper describes the process of inducting theory using case studies from specifying the research questions to reaching closure. Some features of the process, such as problem definition and construct validation, are similar to hypothesis-testing research. Others, such as within-case analysis and replication logic, are unique to the inductive, case-oriented process. Overall, the process described here is highly iterative and tightly linked to data. This research approach is especially appropriate in new topic areas. The resultant theory is often novel, testable, and empirically valid. Finally, framebreaking insights, the tests of good theory (e.g., parsimony, logical coherence), and convincing grounding in the evidence are the key criteria for evaluating this type of research.

Building theories from case study research

�Traditional, hierarchical views of leadership are less and less useful given the complexities of our modern world. Leadership theory must transition to new perspectives that account for the complex adaptive needs of organizations. In this paper, we propose that leadership (as opposed to leaders) can be seen as a complex dynamic process that emerges in the interactive “spaces between” people and ideas. That is, leadership is a dynamic that transcends the capabilities of individuals alone; it is the product of interaction, tension, and exchange rules governing changes in perceptions and understanding. We label this a dynamic of adaptive leadership, and we show how this dynamic provides important insights about the nature of leadership and its outcomes in organizational fields. We define a leadership event as a perceived segment of action whose meaning is created by the interactions of actors involved in producing it, and we present a set of innovative methods for capturing and analyzing these contextually driven processes. We provide theoretical and practical implications of these ideas for organizational behavior and organization and management theory.

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Building theories from case study research.

Part One: The Context Of Educational Research Part Two: Planning Educational Research Part Three: Styles Of Educational Research Part Four: Strategies And Instruments For Data Collection And Researching Part Five: Data Analysis

Research Methods in Education

A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

Scholars of the theory of the firm have begun to emphasize the sources and conditions of what has been described as “the organizational advantage,” rather than focus on the causes and consequences of market failure. Typically, researchers see such organizational advantage as accruing from the particular capabilities organizations have for creating and sharing knowledge. In this article we seek to contribute to this body of work by developing the following arguments: (1) social capital facilitates the creation of new intellectual capital; (2) organizations, as institutional settings, are conducive to the development of high levels of social capital; and (3) it is because of their more dense social capital that firms, within certain limits, have an advantage over markets in creating and sharing intellectual capital. We present a model that incorporates this overall argument in the form of a series of hypothesized relationships between different dimensions of social capital and the main mechanisms and proces...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/259373.pdf

Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage

En stor del av den empiriska forskningen om och teoretiserandet kring medier, popularkultur, kropp, identitet och livsstil har med andra ord inte skett inom sociologin, utan inom andra samhallsvetenskapliga och huma nistiska discipliner, samt inom vissa tvarvetenskapliga forskningsomrd den.4 Detta har bidragit till ett berikande av forskningen och till framvax ten av en rad olika tolkningsmodeller, men det har aven lett till att forska re som har intresserat sig for ovan namnda omr&den sokt sig till andra discipliner an sociologin. Ett klassiskt sociologiskt forskningsomr&de som i allt storre utstrackning hamnat inom andra discipliner an sociologin ar forskningen om sociala karaktarer och identitet.51 den foljande framstall ningen tanker jag rekonstruera delar av debatten om och teoretiserandet kring den narcissistiska personligheten. Med utg&ngspunkt i en kritik av olika teorier om narcissism kommer jag sedan att visa hur man kan an vanda sociologisk teoribildning till att konstruera en teoretisk tolknings ram for de fenomen som g&r under beteckningen "narcissism". Min avsikt ar inte att argumentera for nagon renodlad sociologisk ana lys av narcissismbegreppet, utan snarare for en analys dar man utg&r frSn ett sociologiskt perspektiv och sedan inkorporerar begrepp och tankar fr&n andra discipliner. Jag ar emellertid kritisk till kulturteoretiska analyser av den narcissistiska personligheten som tar sin utgSngspunkt i ett psykolo giskt perspektiv och sedan okritiskt applicerar detta p& kulturella och so ciala forhallanden. Jag ar likaledes kritisk mot kulturvetare och sociologer som p& ett slarvigt satt anvander begreppet "narcissism" for att beteckna kroppsfixering eller en passiv konsumtionsidentitet. Fordelen med nar cissismbegreppet ar i sjalva verket att det, snarare an att leda till en teore

Narcissism, kropp och modernitet

Beyond the Sociology of Conflict

I am grateful to the authors for the care which they have taken to analyse in such detail what amounts to a very short section of a rather large book. Although I found the discussion interesting, it would not persuade me to alter in any substantial way the analysis I set out therein. Obviously, in a textbook discussion, particularly one written at a very elementary level, it is difficult always to do justice to issues that are complex and controversial in nature. Some parts of the section upon which MacKenzie and Spinardi concentrate their attention are by now already somewhat outdated, given the profound changes which have affected the relations between the 'West' and what used to be the 'Soviet bloc' over the past two years. But the critical remarks which MacKenzie and Spinardi make seem to me either to rest upon a misrepresentation of my discussion in the book, or to be of questionable validity. It is misleading, I think, to focus exclusively, as the authors do, upon only one segment of the chapter on 'War and the Military' in the volume (only four pages out of a chapter which is some forty pages long). In respect of certain of the points MacKenzie and Spinardi make, indeed, it is important to relate the section with which they are concerned to the themes of the book as a whole. Thus in a general way I strongly emphasise the subtle and always problematic interplay between intended or 'rational' decisions and acts, and the unintended consequences which flow from them and reshape the environments within which further decisions are made or actions undertaken. I do not believe that I represent the development of nuclear weaponry, and other means of waging 'total war', in an 'overly rationalistic' way, as the authors claim. I don't think that anything I say implies a failure to acknowledge that major aspects of the development of weapon systems these 'baroque arsenals' are the result of the pursuit of bureaucratic interests on the part of the various armed services in the US, USSR and elsewhere. Nor would I want to deny that squabbles between interest groups, within the various branches of the armed services and outside, have influenced patterns of military spending and modes of deployment of military power. The section of Sociology discussed by MacKenzie and Spinardi is headed 'The Deterrence Debate', and this designates quite clearly its subject matter. I do not seek to provide a substantive analysis of the factors which led to the various phases of the arms race between the two rival 'superpowers'. I limit myself to trying to describe, in as succinct a way as possible, the basic terms of reference within which 'deterrence' came to be publicly articulated and

Anthony Giddens

Papers

Narcissism, kropp och modernitet

Beyond the Sociology of Conflict

Rejoinder to Mackenzie and Spinardi

To Begin Anew@@@The Consequences of Modernity.@@@Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics.

The Moral Fog of Progress ‐ Fall 2003