The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

*Co-chairs of the subcommittee that prepared this document. Note: The committee acknowledges the contribution of associate member Paul Kelley. ACI encourages the development and appropriate use of new and emerging technologies through the publication of the Emerging Technology Series. This series presents information and recommendations based on available test data, technical reports, limited experience with field applications, and the opinions of committee members. The presented information and recommendations, and their basis, may be less fully developed and tested than those for more mature technologies. This report identifies areas in which information is believed to be less fully developed, and describes research needs. The professional using this document should understand the limitations of this document and exercise judgment as to the appropriate application of this emerging technology.

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Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures

The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures. Among the subjects covered are: contract documents; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code portion cannot be included. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code portion are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.

"building code requirements for structural concrete (aci 318-11) and commentary"

A review on the utilization of fly ash

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Properties Of Concrete

Four Discussions from the January/February 2006 ACI Structural Journal

This article provides an overview of a new American Concrete Institute (ACI) document that addresses the design of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete structures. Design principles and key concepts such as flexure, shear and development length are summarized. Because this is new technology, future research is needed to provide information in areas that are still unclear, in need of additional evidence to validate performance, or are a real or perceived disadvantage. Application of FRP internal reinforcement is described for two bridge projects. Despite some unresolved issues, the ACI guide should allow the construction industry to take advantage of the potential of FRP internal reinforcement for concrete structures.

Designing and constructing with frp bars: an emerging technology

Durability of Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites

The poor performance and durability of traditional steel tendon and cement grout have become serious constraints to the development of ground anchor systems, especially when these systems are permanent features in large-scale projects such as ground anchors with capacities of more than 4,000 kN in Aizhai Bridge, China. This paper presents a large-scale ground anchor system with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendon and reactive powder concrete (RPC) grout as the bonding media in both above-ground and below-ground parts. Two full-scale ground anchor specimens named GA12-20 and GA12-9 were designed and installed at the construction site, and their behavior was systematically studied through monotonic and cyclic load testing. The two systems displayed acceptable displacements under both monotonic load testing with maximum tension twice the design lock-off load and in cyclic load testing under about 90% of its bearing capacity, with residual displacements all less than 5 mm. Furthermore, the b...

Experimental Study of a Large-Scale Ground Anchor System with FRP Tendon and RPC Grout Medium

2 Disclaimer The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s), who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Center for Infrastructure Engineering Studies (CIES), University of Missouri-Rolla, in the interest of information exchange. CIES assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. 3 The mission of CIES is to provide leadership in research and education for solving society's problems affecting the nation's infrastructure systems. CIES is the primary conduit for communication among those on the UMR campus interested in infrastructure studies and provides coordination for collaborative efforts. CIES activities include interdisciplinary research and development with projects tailored to address needs of federal agencies, state agencies, and private industry as well as technology transfer and continuing/distance education to the engineering community and industry. One-way RC slabs are very common as a floor system in US structures. It often happens that structures need to be renovated due to many factors, such as placing new staircases, elevators, additional skylights or (more often) wiring and ducts through the existing floor slabs. In these instances, openings usually need to be created, weakening the existing floor system. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) matrix composites can provide an efficient method for strengthening slabs after installation of cutouts , but it is important to define guidelines for the designer, particularly when the openings are created in the negative moment region. This paper presents the results of an experimental program that investigated the behavior of RC one-way continuous flat slabs with openings in both the positive and negative moment regions, strengthened with externally-bonded CFRP laminates following two different schemes of strengthening. The significance of this work is that instead of testing specimens manufactured in the laboratory, the authors had the possibility of using as a research test bed, an old parking garage scheduled for demolition. Experimental results revealed that externally-bonded CFRP sheets can significantly increase the flexural capacity of the system for those specimens containing an opening in the positive moment region. For specimens with an opening in the negative moment region and strengthened using top-surface CFRP laminates, shear failure occurred at a lower load capacity than the original unstrengthened specimen. This has considerable implications for the design of such negative-moment strengthening schemes, and reasons for this behavior are discussed.

Antonio Nanni

Papers

Four Discussions from the January/February 2006 ACI Structural Journal

Designing and constructing with frp bars: an emerging technology

Durability of Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites

Experimental Study of a Large-Scale Ground Anchor System with FRP Tendon and RPC Grout Medium

Experimental results of one-way slabs with openings strengthened with CFRP laminates