The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

*Co-chairs of the subcommittee that prepared this document. Note: The committee acknowledges the contribution of associate member Paul Kelley. ACI encourages the development and appropriate use of new and emerging technologies through the publication of the Emerging Technology Series. This series presents information and recommendations based on available test data, technical reports, limited experience with field applications, and the opinions of committee members. The presented information and recommendations, and their basis, may be less fully developed and tested than those for more mature technologies. This report identifies areas in which information is believed to be less fully developed, and describes research needs. The professional using this document should understand the limitations of this document and exercise judgment as to the appropriate application of this emerging technology.

/pdf/guide-for-the-design-and-construction-of-externally-bonded-3wakai247t.pdf

Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures

The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures. Among the subjects covered are: contract documents; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code portion cannot be included. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code portion are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.

"building code requirements for structural concrete (aci 318-11) and commentary"

A review on the utilization of fly ash

Thank you for downloading properties of concrete. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their chosen readings like this properties of concrete, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious virus inside their computer. properties of concrete is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the properties of concrete is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Properties Of Concrete

Strengthening of bridge G-270 with externally bonded CFRP sheets

Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are thin laminates of mortar that embody synthetic and mineral-based continuous fabrics. FRCM materials are proven to be an effectiv...

Fatigue Behavior of FRCM-Strengthened RC Beams

The complex mechanical behavior of masonry structures is the result of their non-homogenous and brittle material properties, as well as its geometric intricacy: masonry is composed of aligned, uniformly dispersed units connected by a regular array of bed and head mortar joints. These mortar joints are the weakness of the assembly and exhibit notable material nonlinearity and signifi cantly influence the response of masonry. The nonlinear characteristics of the mortar joints initially result from the nonlinear deformation characteristics of the joints under shear and compression but is exaggerated by local failure, opening-closing, dilatancy and slip of the joints. Two mechanical approaches, macro- and micromodeling, have been adopted by researchers to formulate an appropriate constitutive description of masonry structures. The macro-modeling approach neglects the distinction between units and mortar joints by taking into account the effect of discrete joints in an average sense through homogenization techniques such as those presented by Dhanasekar et al. (1985) and Middleton et al. (1991). A complete macro-model requires simulating the orthotropic material with not only different tensile and compressive strengths but also the different inelastic behavior in each material axis. Generally, this approach is recommended for the analysis of large masonry structures because of the inability to exert detailed stress analysis and capture the various failure mechanisms of masonry assemblages. Gambarotta et al. (1997 a/b) adopted a refined approach in which the wall was simulated as an equivalent stratified medium made up of layers represen tative of the mortar bed joints and of the units and head joints, respectively. Alternately, the micro-modeling approach is a computationally intensive approach. A large number of elements are required because the masonry structure is modeled as a discontinuous assembly of blocks connected by appropriate discrete joints. The joints are simulated by appropriate constitutive interface elements so that considerations such as the initiation of fracture, propagation of cracks and sliding at interfaces with different levels of refinement of the assemblage can be taken into account. Therefore, a more realistic and rigorous analysis can be expected since it allows locating exact joint positions and adopting appropriate constitutive models for the blocks and interfaces. Ali et al. (1988), Anand et al. (1990) and Rots (1991) adopted a refined approach in which both the masonry units and the mortar joints are discretely modeled with continuum elements. The significant computational intensity of this level of refined analysis restricts its appli cation to small laboratory specimens. In a less-refined ap proach, Arya et al. (1978), Page (1978), Rots (1991) and Gambarotta et al. (1997a) modeled mortar joints with zero thickness interface elements and masonry units with enlarged continuum elements to account for the space formerly occupied by mortar joints. The approach with this level of refinement is also computationally intensive for the analysis of large masonry structures. Furthermore, Formica et al. (2002) pointed out that the interface ele

FRP Strengthening of URM Walls with Openings - Numerical Analysis and Design

Owners and designers are increasingly dealing with infrastructure maintenance to ensure adequate level of performance and functioning required by current standards. Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major factors that reduces the durability of concrete structures. Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have emerged as an effective non-corrosive alternative to traditional steel reinforcement (CS), especially for bridges located in chloride-laden environments. This paper aims to undertake probabilistic and deterministic Life-Cycle Costs (LCC) analyses for: a) an entirely FRP-reinforced concrete bridge; and, b) a conventional reinforced concrete (RC)/prestressed concrete (PC) bridge; assumed to be located in different corrosion intensity locations of Florida. The deterministic LCC analysis is investigated as a function of varying chloride concentrations for different locations in Florida. A probabilistic analysis is then performed to account for uncertainties in the deterministic model based on a selected coefficient of variation value. For each maintenance intervention, the probabilistic model yields a range of potential effects produced on the LCC by the same cause, ultimately producing more realistic results. The probabilistic model is validated through the input of maintenance and repair cost data from actual in-service bridges. In the probabilistic model, the repair cost is evaluated as a smooth curve, and the results are sensitive to the selection of the coefficient of variation adopted. The probabilistic model allows for better estimation and prediction of the range of long-term LCC behavior of both bridge alternatives. The CS-RC/PC alternative is found to be a high-risk design alternative with higher range (cost spread) and increased LCC. Data available to validate the probabilistic model show a promising match and revealed that the CS-RC/PC alternatives may become costlier earlier in time with a higher degree of probability.

Evaluation of probabilistic and deterministic life-cycle cost analyses for concrete bridges exposed to chlorides

The University of Miami deliberately chose to construct a pedestrian bridge using concrete elements solely reinforced and prestressed with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to demonstrate its commitment to innovation and sustainability. In addition to showcasing concrete reinforcing bars made of basalt and glass FRP (BFRP and GFRP), the bridge features unique BFRP forms such as continuous close stirrups used in the pier-caps and curbs as well as prefabricated BFRP cages for the auger-cast piles. The main load-carrying members of the bridge are two prestressed concrete girders of double-tee shape (as used in parking garage structures) with shortened flange overhangs. Each girder stem was prestressed with nine carbon FRP (CFRP) strands. Elements of the bridge were instrumented with vibrating-wire gages to monitor performance over time and during two load tests conducted on one of the prestressed concrete girders at the precast yard and on the completed structure, respectively. In addition to strain data, deflection measurements obtained during and after construction show field performance of the bridge to be in accordance with the predicted behavior.

Antonio Nanni

Papers

Strengthening of bridge G-270 with externally bonded CFRP sheets

Fatigue Behavior of FRCM-Strengthened RC Beams

FRP Strengthening of URM Walls with Openings - Numerical Analysis and Design

Evaluation of probabilistic and deterministic life-cycle cost analyses for concrete bridges exposed to chlorides

FRP Reinforcement for Concrete: Performance Assessment and New Construction: Volume III: Construction and Monitoring of the Innovation Bridge