Statistics for Spatial Data.

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

▶ Addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics ▶ A forum to review, analyze and stimulate the development, testing and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national and global scales ▶ Contributes to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated ▶ 94% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

Nature And Properties Of Soils

B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

Ash cover in fire-affected areas is an important factor in the reduction of soil erosion and increased availability of soil nutrients. Thus it is important to understand the spatial distribution of ash and its capacity for soil protection and to provide nutrients to the underlying soil. In this work, we aimed to map ash CaCO3, pH, and select extractable elements using a principal component analysis (PCA). Four days after a medium to severe wildfire, we established a grid in a 9 ×27 m area on a west facing slope and took ash samples every 3 m for a total of 40 sampling points. The PCA carried out retained five different factors. Factor 1 had high positive loadings for ash with electrical conductivity, calcium, and magnesium and negative with aluminum and iron. Factor 2 had high positive loadings in total phosphorous and silica and factor 3 in manganese and zinc. Factor 4 had high negative loadings in CaCO3 and pH and finally, factor 5 had high positive loadings in sodium and potassium. The spatial pattern of the factors was different. The Gaussian model was the best fit for factor 1, the linear model the most accurate for factor 4, and the wave hole effect for the loadings of factors 2, 3, and 5. The map generated with the factor scores of factor 1 had a specific pattern, while the map of factor 4 scores had a low accumulation of the explained elements in one area and high in the other. The maps produced from the factor scores of factors 2, 3, and 5 showed a cycled pattern. Ordinary kriging provided the best estimate for factors 1, 2, and 4. Mapping ash in the period immediately after the fire is very important to identify the level of soil protection and the ash nutrient input in the underlying soil.

Mapping Ash CaCO3, pH, and Extractable Elements Using Principal Component Analysis

By means of experiments with simulated rainfall the hydrological and erosional behaviour of degraded surfaces (badlands) developed on two different parent materials (marls and clays) is studied. On the Keuper clays, the ponding (4'07") and runoff (6' 36") initiation is delayed, the infiltration rates (38.63 mm h -1 ) are high, and the runoff coefficient (11.2 % after 30 minutes and 19.4 % after 60 minutes) and the erosion rates (13 g m 2 h -1 ) are low. On the contrary, over Cretaceous marls, the ponding (1’ 37") and the surface runoff (2' 52") initiation is very rapid, the infiltration rates are low (11.2 mm h -1 ), and the runoff coefficient (64.7 % after 30 minutes and 72.2 % after 60 minutes) and the erosion rates (2,198 g m 2 h -1 ) are very high. The activity of the surface runoff on the badlands over marls results in very low possibilities of soil and vegetation cover regeneration.

/pdf/influencia-de-la-litologia-en-los-procesos-de-erosion-en-1tfkgglo33.pdf

Influencia de la litología en los procesos de erosión en badlands . Los casos de Anna (Valencia) y Petrer (Alicante)

Tillage along slopes creates furrows similar to rills which exposes the soil surface directly to raindrop impact (RI) especially in semi-arid regions. In order to quantify the effect of RI on soil physical degradation and rill detachment we determined the change of soil aggregate stability, bulk density, surface resistance and rill detachment in semi-arid soils. Toward these some dominant soils including silt, silty clay, clay, sandy clay and loamy sand were exposed under rainfall impact at four slope gradients (5, 10, 15 and 20%). The laboratory experiments were set up at two soil surface conditions: with and without RI in a flume under simulated rainfalls with an intensity of 90 mm h−1. Four rills with parabolic cross sections, 10 cm width and 4 m length were installed along the flume. Results indicated that the soils are physically degraded (aggregate breakdown, soil compaction and surface resistance) by RI. The rate of physical degradation processes was significantly influenced by the soil type and slope gradient. The soils with higher water-stable aggregates such as sandy clay showed lower physical degradation symptoms. The susceptibility of these soils to physical degradation processes increased with increasing slope gradient. Soil detachment through concentrated flow under RI was affected by the soil physical degradation rate, which in turn was controlled by the two variables i.e. soil type and slope gradient. However the direct effect of RI act in rill detachment (rainfall-driven force) increased rill detachment. As a conclusion, the rill detachment showed higher dependency to RI than soil physical degradation processes. This study revealed that the importance of maintaining the soil surface cover for controlling the negative effects of RI in the soil physical degradation as well as rill detachment especially in semi-arid soils with lower aggregate stability and under steep slopes.

Soil physical degradation and rill detachment by raindrop impact in semi-arid region

Post-fire practices benefits on vegetation recovery and soil conservation in a Mediterranean area

Raindrop size, rainfall intensity and runoff discharge affect the detachment and transportation of soil particles. Among these three factors, the rainfall intensity seems to be more important because it can change other two factors. Storm patterns can be determined by changing the rainfall intensity during the storm. Therefore, the objective of this research is to test the influence of storm pattern on runoff, soil erosion and sediment concentration on a rangeland soil slope under field rainfall simulation. Four storm rainfall intensity patterns were selected for examining the effects of variations in storm event characteristics on soil erosion processes. The selected storm patterns were: I (45, 55 and 70 mm h−1); II (45, 70 and 55 mm h−1); III: (70, 55 and 45 mm h−1); and IV (55, 45 and 70 mm h−1). The last pattern is a new one instead of the uniform pattern which has been sufficiently studied in previous researches. The experiments were conducted in field plots (in Kojour watershed, Mazandaran Province, Iran) with an area of one square meter and an constant slope gradient of 18%, surrounded by galvanised sheets. Following the non-uniform prioritization of the storm patterns for the studied variables, time to runoff (I>II>IV>III), runoff volume (III>IV>II>I), sediment concentration (IV>III>I>II) and soil erosion (III>IV>II>I)), it can be generally inferred that each pattern has specific effect on soil erosion processes during a storm. The results of the general linear model (GLM) test indicated that the effects of storm pattern on time to runoff, total runoff volume, runoff coefficient and soil erosion were significant at a level of 99%. The Duncan test showed that the storm patterns can be divided into three groups of III, IV; II; I (for time to runoff), I, II; IV, III (for runoff coefficient), and I; II; IV, III (for runoff volume and soil erosion).

Artemi Cerdà

Papers

Mapping Ash CaCO3, pH, and Extractable Elements Using Principal Component Analysis

Influencia de la litología en los procesos de erosión en badlands . Los casos de Anna (Valencia) y Petrer (Alicante)

Soil physical degradation and rill detachment by raindrop impact in semi-arid region

Post-fire practices benefits on vegetation recovery and soil conservation in a Mediterranean area

Effect of storm pattern on soil erosion in damaged rangeland; field rainfall simulation approach