Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

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/pdf/acc-aha-2005-guideline-update-for-the-diagnosis-and-4hik65ngbe.pdf

ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure).

Mariell Jessup, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair [*][1]

William T. Abraham, MD, FACC, FAHA[†][2]

Donald E. Casey, MD, MPH, MBA[‡][3]

Arthur M. Feldman, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA[§][4]

Gary S. Francis, MD, FACC, FAHA[§][4]

Theodore G. Ganiats, MD[∥][5]

Marvin A. Konstam, MD, FACC[¶][6]

Donna M.

/pdf/2009-focused-update-incorporated-into-the-acc-aha-2005-3z9lhvyqwq.pdf

2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation

I ' N 1954 AT THE Peter Bent Brigham Hospital . in Boston, Massachusetts, a kidney was removed from a young boy and given to his identical twin brother. An operat|on that would strike most transplant teams as mundane today was, only-four decades ago, considered to be so far out on the fringe of surgical innovation that it spawned an enormous debate about the morality of performing such an extreme experiment. Surprisingly, the moral issue that held center stage at the birth of organ transplantation was not the dangers that the recipient faced in undergoing surgery. The question that commanded attention was whether it was ethical to remove an organ from a child solely to benefit another child. Much has changed in the intervening four decades not only in the field of transplantation but also in ethical thinking about the practice of transplantation. Still, as the transplant communi ty struggles to find answers to the problem of scarcity in the supply of organs, the ethics of procurement has reappeared as the single most important issue in transplantation ethics. The early surgical pioneers and their patients faced tremendous technical challenges. Their only source of organs was living donors. No one knew whether human organs removed from dead bodies would regain function. Even if they could, it was not clear what had to be done to safely procure them. Donors and recipients had to be close biological relatives because there were no effective drugs available to prevent rejection. Identical twins or closely related siblings were the only candidates for transplants. The strongest restriction facing early transplant pioneers was not biological but moral. The only organs deemed acceptable for transplant were kid-

The Ethics of Transplantation Today and Tomorrow: Old Wine in New Bottles

The recent review by Monrad1 presents several issues about secondary vaccine trials. It lays out the case in which a vaccine has been tested through phases I–III and is being deployed. Subsequently (emphasis added), consideration is being given to conducting ‘trials for another vaccine for the pathogen’.

Monrad states: ‘In summary, we may say that researchers have strong prima facie reasons not to conduct a secondary vaccine trial.’

Monrad discusses several factors meriting careful consideration about the need for developing and testing more than one vaccine: relative efficacy, length of immunity, adverse reactions (reactogenicity), ease of storage and administration, economic and logistical factors.

What is not addressed are the ethical duties that exist when there are competing phase III vaccine candidates for COVID-19. We have serious concerns about potential ethical inadequacies about these ongoing trials and those …

https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2020/09/17/medethics-2020-106851.full.pdf

Ethical considerations for protecting the options of subjects in primary epidemic vaccine trials

This chapter addresses two topics that may appear, at first, to have very little in common: (1) the question of whether required request laws have been successful with respect to organ procurement, and (2) the morality of using infants born with anencephaly as a source of organs and tissues. Despite the apparent incommensurability of the two subjects, I believe that the topics are intimately related.

Arthur L. Caplan

Papers

The Ethics of Transplantation Today and Tomorrow: Old Wine in New Bottles

Ethical considerations for protecting the options of subjects in primary epidemic vaccine trials

Fragile Trust: The Success and Failure of Required Request Laws, and the Procurement of Organs and Tissues From Children and Adults

Protect newborn screening programs

Blood, sweat, tears and profits: The ethics of the sale and use of patient derived materials in biomedicine