admission. This proportion could already be greater in some parts of the country and may increase if referrals of cases of self-poisoning increase faster than the facilities for their assessment and management. The provision of social work and psychiatric expertise in casualty departments may be one means of preventing unnecessary medical admissions without risk to the patients. Dr Blake's and Dr Bramble's figures do not demonstrate, however, that any advantage would attach to medical teams taking over assessment from psychiatrists except that, by implication, assessments would be completed sooner by staff working on the ward full time. What the figures actually suggest is that if assessment of overdoses were left to house doctors there would be an increase in admissions to psychiatric units (by 19°U), outpatients (by 5O°'), and referrals to social services (by 140o). So for house doctors to assess overdoses would provide no economy for the psychiatric or social services. The study does not tell us what the consequences would have been for the six patients who the psychiatrists would have admitted but to whom the house doctors would have offered outpatient appointments. E J SALTER

Vitamin D deficiency.

Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

/pdf/climate-change-2007-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-31xc1cf4d3.pdf

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies. The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Sunlight and heat are transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways. Some of these transformations result in renewable energy flows such as biomass and wind energy. Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources. In this article a review has been done on scope of CO2 mitigation through solar cooker, water heater, dryer, biofuel, improved cookstoves and by hydrogen.

https://www.beren.sakarya.edu.tr/sites/beren.sakarya.edu.tr/file/1380752545-07-RenewEn.pdf.pdf

Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) constitute a class of flexible nonlinear models designed to mimic biological neural systems. In this entry, we introduce ANN using familiar econometric terminology and provide an overview of ANN modeling approach and its implementation methods. † Correspondence: Chung-Ming Kuan, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan; ckuan@econ.sinica.edu.tw. †† I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the editor, Professor Steven Durlauf, for his patience and constructive comments on early drafts of this entry. I also thank Shih-Hsun Hsu and Yu-Lieh Huang for very helpful suggestions. The remaining errors are all mine.

Artificial neural networks

Recent survey results published by the esteemed R&D Magazine about the forecast for Global R&D Funding and the survey of researchers in several countries yield an optimistic picture. As noted in my earlier editorial, R&D is the engine for economic growth when coupled with higher education and a sustainable R&D policy that is locally appropriate but based on global consideration. In general, all signs point towards increased R&D funding and better support of academia as the economic conditions improve. Surveys of researchers in the US as well as outside the US, interestingly enough, convey the same sentiments regarding the most critical challenges they perceive. At the top of their concerns are: limited budget, limited time to accomplish R&D, competition, shortage of skilled talent, intellectual property rights, etc. Surprisingly, effects of globalization, outsourcing, inflation, energy costs, etc., are not rated highly on the list of challenges. Some of the other issues that come out of this extensive survey are the fact that the march of globalization continues relentlessly as a result of the narrowing of the so-called ‘‘scientific gap’’ between the high GDP and lower GDP nations. It is noteworthy that growth rate of publications in scientific literature as well as patents is much higher in emerging economies than in the advanced economies. The rate of scientific publications in specific areas is reported to be higher in emerging economies than in the developed ones. As noted in my earlier editorial on this theme, we have already noted the unique position China holds in both R&D and advanced education. One of the trends that started several decades ago has seen some acceleration. This is the enhanced degree of collaboration in advanced education, particularly in science and engineering. Many institutions in advanced nations are establishing campuses in emerging countries or collaborating actively with local institutions. Many large corporations are establishing R&D centers in several emerging economies where the markets may be even larger and certainly growing faster than in their home countries. Thus, R&D sites are migrating to where the major markets are. This trend is assisted by the lower costs of R&D and availability of suitable manpower at significantly lower cost. This has resulted in what is popularly termed ‘‘reverse innovation.’’ Products are developed, tested and marketed in emerging nations and then successfully introduced in their home country. Another evolving trend is that of resorting to ‘‘open innovation.’’ The ‘‘Not-InventedSyndrome’’ has largely been abandoned by even some of the largest multi-nationals. These are important trends that one needs to recognize when working on a nation R&D policy. For major companies, often, a collaborator can turn into a powerful competitor as the world ‘‘flattens.’’ There is therefore the need to be constantly looking for innovative solutions to maintain market share. As for drying R&D, the time scale of development is necessarily rather long, so the pressure to innovate is not as severe as in telecommunications, biotechnology or computer technology. Nevertheless, the need to improve performance and reduce carbon footprint will become increasingly pressing. As one of the most energy intensive technologies, drying will come under scrutiny sooner than later and may result in legislative requirements to enhance energy performance of drying systems by publishing their energy consumption and carbon footprint, as is required in many countries for household appliances like refrigerators, dishwashers and cloth dryers. I hope that dryer vendors will take the initiative and improve their equipment through sustained R&D before any legislative action. Academic researchers can help by proposing innovative and cost-effective solutions to dryer design and operation. Industry-academia interaction in drying will therefore become increasingly important.

Editorial: The Global R&D Scene—Challenges and Opportunities

Preparation of sodium-containing coacervates via high-voltage electrostatic field treatment: Saltiness perception of prefabricated chicken patties

18.1 Introduction 42318.2 Basic Principles 42418.2.1 Theory 42418.2.2 Radiation Properties of Materials 42518.3 Steady Infrared Drying 42718.3.1 Modeling the Process 42718.3.2 Advantages and Limitations 43018.4 Industrial Infrared Drying Applications 43118.4.1 Applications of Infrared Radiation in Industry 43118.4.2 Industrial Infrared Dryers 43118.4.2.1 Infrared Sections 43118.4.2.2 Recent Developments in Design of Infrared Dryers 43418.4.3 Costs 43418.5 Conclusions 436Acknowledgment 436Nomenclature 436References 437

18 Infrared Drying

Drying in Mobilized Beds

In recent years, the market for edible flavor has become larger and the demand for edible flavor has become more diverse. Customers are paying more attention to natural, healthy, and functional flavors. This article reviews some new technologies about flavors in recent years, including processing technology, encapsulation, and detection of flavors. The synthetic technologies of flavor include thermal reaction technology, enzymatic hydrolysis technology, and microbial fermentation technology. The encapsulation technology includes nano-emulsion and filled soluble hydrogel, as well as the new carrier materials used in packaging, such as β-cyclodextrin, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), yeast cell, and jackfruit seed starch (JM) are also hot spots in recent years. Finally, the detection of flavor components and the monitoring of characteristic flavor substances and harmful flavor substances are very important for flavor quality control. There are many detection techniques, such as chromatographic analysis techniques, solid-phase microextraction, electronic nose and electronic tongue, sensor arrays, and fluorescence detection with DNA barcoding techniques and (quantitative) conformational relationships. 

Arun S. Mujumdar

Papers

Editorial: The Global R&D Scene—Challenges and Opportunities

Preparation of sodium-containing coacervates via high-voltage electrostatic field treatment: Saltiness perception of prefabricated chicken patties

18 Infrared Drying

Drying in Mobilized Beds

Advances in processing, encapsulation, and analysis of food flavor compounds