5-Noncoding sequences have been tabulated for 211 messenger RNAs from higher eukaryotic cells. The 5'-proximal AUG triplet serves as the initiator codon in 95% of the mRNAs examined. The most conspicuous conserved feature is the presence of a purine (most often A) three nucleotides upstream from the AUG initiator codon; only 6 of the mRNAs in the survey have a pyrimidine in that position. There is a predominance of C in positions -1, -2, -4 and -5, just upstream from the initiator codon. The sequence CCAGCCAUG (G) thus emerges as a consensus sequence for eukaryotic initiation sites. The extent to which the ribosome binding site in a given mRNA matches the -1 to -5 consensus sequence varies: more than half of the mRNAs in the tabulation have 3 or 4 nucleotides in common with the CCACC consensus, but only ten mRNAs conform perfectly.

Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs

The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

I. Introduction The concept that proteins, in addition to steroid hormones, of gonadal origin could play a role in the inhibition of gonadatropin secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary was proposed more than 65 yr ago. Only recently, however, has the elucidation of the chemistry and physiology of these proposed gonadal hormones actually been achieved. Mottram and Cramer (1) reported pituitary hypertrophy as determined by the appearance of so-called castration cells in the anterior lobe of pituitary after treatment of the testes with radium. The removal of the testes leads to the development of highly vacuolated, signet-shaped basophil cells in the pituitary (2), termed castration cells, demonstrating a reciprocal relationship between the pituitary and the gonads and suggesting that a secretion of the testes has an inhibitory effect on the pituitary (3). The pituitary hypertrophy after castration or irradiation of the testes was postulated to be due to a lack of some substance from the seminal e...

Inhibins, Activins, and Follistatins: Gonadal Proteins Modulating the Secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/0092-8674(84)90442-2.pdf

Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysine-arginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for processing of yeast prepro-α-factor

The glandular kallikrein gene family comprises 25–30 highly homologous genes that encode specific proteases involved in the processing of biologically active peptides. In the mouse all the members of this family are closely linked on chromosome 7. The 9.5-kilobase nucleotide sequence of a mouse genomic clone contains one complete kallikrein gene (mGK-1), which is expressed in the male mouse submaxillary gland, and the 3′ end of another (mGK-2). Differences in the coding potential of these genes and the amino acid sequences of other known kallikreins seem to be functionally related to the substrate specificity of the different enzymes.

Structure of mouse kallikrein gene family suggests a role in specific processing of biologically active peptides.

Mouse glandular kallikrein genes. Structure and partial sequence analysis of the kallikrein gene locus.

Glandular kallikreins are a family of proteases encoded by a variable number of genes in different mammalian species. In all species examined, however, one particular kallikrein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen. This kallikrein is found in the kidney, pancreas, and salivary gland, showing a unique pattern of tissue-specific expression relative to other members of the family. We have isolated a genomic clone carrying the human renal kallikrein gene and compared the nucleotide sequence of its promoter region with those of the mouse renal kallikrein gene and another mouse kallikrein gene expressed in a distinct cell type. We find four sequence elements conserved between renal kallikrein genes from the two species. We have also shown that the human gene is localized to 19q13, a position analogous to that of the kallikrein gene family on mouse chromosome 7.

Structure and chromosomal localization of the human renal kallikrein gene.

The reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate beta 3-adrenoceptor mRNA in rat brain regions. Levels were highest in hippocampus, cerebral cortex and striatum and lower in hypothalamus, brainstem and cerebellum.

B. A. Evans

Papers

Structure of mouse kallikrein gene family suggests a role in specific processing of biologically active peptides.

Mouse glandular kallikrein genes. Structure and partial sequence analysis of the kallikrein gene locus.

Structure and chromosomal localization of the human renal kallikrein gene.

Expression of β3-adrenoceptor mRNA in rat brain

Mouse glandular kallikrein genes. Identification, structure, and expression of the renal kallikrein gene.