다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources

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Degradable Controlled-Release Polymers and Polymeric Nanoparticles: Mechanisms of Controlling Drug Release

Liposomes are the first nano drug delivery systems that have been successfully translated into real-time clinical applications. These closed bilayer phospholipid vesicles have witnessed many technical advances in recent years since their first development in 1965. Delivery of therapeutics by liposomes alters their biodistribution profile, which further enhances the therapeutic index of various drugs. Extensive research is being carried out using these nano drug delivery systems in diverse areas including the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory drugs and therapeutic genes. The significant contribution of liposomes as drug delivery systems in the healthcare sector is known by many clinical products, e.g., Doxil®, Ambisome®, DepoDur™, etc. This review provides a detailed update on liposomal technologies e.g., DepoFoam™ Technology, Stealth technology, etc., the formulation aspects of clinically used products and ongoing clinical trials on liposomes.

Liposomal formulations in clinical use: An updated review

Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.

Strategies to Address Low Drug Solubility in Discovery and Development

Flos Chrysanthemi is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in traditional Chinese medicine. There are five major cultivars in herb markets: “Gongju” and “Hangbaiju” are often used as medicinal and edible cognates, whereas “Boju,” “Chuju,” and “Huaiju” are considered to have better medicinal value. Variations of organic constituents in different cultivars of Flos Chrysanthemi have been reported. However, the inorganic components of different cultivars of Flos Chrysanthemi are still unclear. In this study, the concentrations of eighteen elements were determined in five Flos Chrysanthemi cultivars by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. A simple, rapid, and sensitive method was developed for the inorganic chemical characterization of two edible cultivars and three medicinal cultivars.

Elemental Analysis of Flos Chrysanthemi by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry with Pressurized Digestion

Objective: The main objective of this work is to determine the feasibility of identification of crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy couple with soft independent modeling of class analogy (FT-IR-SIMCA). Materials and Methods: A total of 50 different crude Radix Scrophulariae was used to product processed ones. The spectra were acquired by FT-IR spectroscopy using a diffuse reflectance fiber optic probe. For the multivariate analysis, SIMCA was used. Results showed that FT-IR-SIMCA was useful to discriminate the processed Radix Scrophulariae samples from crude samples. These samples could be successfully classified by SIMCA. Results: In all cases, the recognition and rejection rates were 97.8% and 100%, respectively. When testing with the blind sample that was picked out from the chosen samples, the accuracy was up to 90%. Conclusion: It means that the methodology is capable of accurately separating processed Radix Scrophulariae from crude samples.

Rapid and undamaged analysis of crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with soft independent modeling of class analogy

To establish a fingerprint for Cimicifugae Rhizoma from different producing areas. Column kromasil (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was employed with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was 254 nm. Twenty chromatographic peaks were extracted as the common peaks of fingerprint, and 21 batches of samples were compared and classified with such methods as similarity evaluation, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results showed 12 common peaks and three categories of samples. The method was so highly reproducible, simple and reliable that it could provide basis for quality control and evaluation of Cimicifugae Rhizoma from different producing areas.

Study on quality evaluation of cimicifugae rhizoma from different producing areas by HPLC fingerprint

To determinate the chikusetsusaponin IVa in Rhizoma Panacis Majoris from different producing areas. The HPLC separation was performed on a Inertsil ODS-sp column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm). A mixture of acetonitrile and 0.2% phosphoric acid solution (35:65) as the mobile phase the column. Temperature was set in 30 degrees C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), and the wave length of the detector is 203 nm. The content of the chikusetsusaponin IVa in Rhizoma Panacis Majoris from Meixian, Shaanxi is the highest and the lowest is from Enshi, Hubei. There have most differerence among the content of the chikusetsusaponin IVa in Rhizoma Panacis Majoris from different producing areas.

HPLC determination of chikusetsusaponin IVa in Rhizoma Panacis Majoris from different producing areas

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Baochang Cai

Papers

Elemental Analysis of Flos Chrysanthemi by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry with Pressurized Digestion

Rapid and undamaged analysis of crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with soft independent modeling of class analogy

Study on quality evaluation of cimicifugae rhizoma from different producing areas by HPLC fingerprint

HPLC determination of chikusetsusaponin IVa in Rhizoma Panacis Majoris from different producing areas

Relationship between lactone ratios of 9-nitrocamptothecin and their lactone/carboxylate equilibria in vitro and in vivo