Benjamin I. Cook

TL;DR: An empirical drought reconstruction and three soil moisture metrics from 17 state-of-the-art general circulation models are used to show that these models project significantly drier conditions in the later half of the 21st century compared to the 20th century and earlier paleoclimatic intervals.

TL;DR: The authors used an empirical drought reconstruction and three soil moisture metrics from 17 state-of-the-art general circulation models to show that these models project significantly drier conditions in the later half of the 21st century compared to the 20th century and earlier paleoclimatic intervals, indicating a coherent and robust drying response to warming despite the diversity of models and metrics analyzed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used to evaluate global drying and wetting trends in the twenty-first century.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared phenology (the timing of recurring life history events) in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1,634 plant species using a common measure of temperature sensitivity (change in days per degree Celsius).

TL;DR: Warming experiments underpredict advances in the timing of flowering and leafing by 8.5-fold and 4.0-fold, respectively, compared with long-term observations, which introduces uncertainty into ecosystem models that are informed solely by experiments and suggest that responses to climate change that are predicted using such models should be re-evaluated.