1. Resolving Ethical Issues 1.01 Misuse of Psychologists’ Work 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands 1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations 1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations 1.06 Cooperating With Ethics Committees 1.07 Improper Complaints 1.08 Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine.

The abstract should provide a summary of the HiT in no more than 250 words The Box provides an example from the Philippines HiT, 2011 Philippines HiT abstract Consistent with its commitment to the Alma Ata in 1978, the Philippine Government adopted the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach in 1979 to achieve health for all Filipinos by year 2000 The promulgation of the Local Development Code (RA 7160) in 1991 was in line with the community participation ideals of PHC (1992-1999) as it devolved responsibility for health care was devolved to Local Government Units The Health Sector Reform Agenda was introduced in 2005 to address problems in health care delivery at local level brought about by the devolution proves Issues of poor accessibility, inequities and inefficiencies of the health system have been the target of health reforms over the last 30 years Hospital, public health, financing, local health system and regulatory reforms comprised the HSRA approach In 2005, the DOH streamlined the reform program to ensure access and availability of essential and basic health packages by reducing the four reform areas, namely: 1) designating providers of basic and essential health service package in strategic locations; 2) assuring the quality of both basic and specialized health services; and 3) intensifying the current efforts to reduce the public health threats brought about by endemic, vaccine-preventable and priority diseases Although studies have yet to be done on the impact of reforming health service delivery, implementation of strategies to improve the hospital services and public health programs have shown some positive gains However, huge disparities in health outcomes across income groups and geographic areas and challenges in ascertaining physical and financial access to health services as evidenced by high out-of-pocket expenditures, concentration of physical and human resources for health in urban areas and migration of health professionals still exist The focus of future developments in health should be towards providing universal health care for Filipinos, starting with improving access of the poor and vulnerable to health services Source: APO, Philippines HiT Vol 1 No 2 2011

https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/231516/HiT-Estonia.pdf

Health systems in transition.

Background: Current understanding of the spatial epidemiology and geographical distribution of Plasmodium vivax is far less developed than that for P. falciparum, representing a barrier to rational strategies for control and elimination. Here we present the first systematic effort to map the global endemicity of this hitherto neglected parasite. Methodology and Findings: We first updated to the year 2010 our earlier estimate of the geographical limits of P. vivax transmission. Within areas of stable transmission, an assembly of 9,970 geopositioned P. vivax parasite rate (PvPR) surveys collected from 1985 to 2010 were used with a spatiotemporal Bayesian model-based geostatistical approach to estimate endemicity age-standardised to the 1–99 year age range (PvPR1–99) within every 565 km resolution grid square. The model incorporated data on Duffy negative phenotype frequency to suppress endemicity predictions, particularly in Africa. Endemicity was predicted within a relatively narrow range throughout the endemic world, with the point estimate rarely exceeding 7% PvPR1–99. The Americas contributed 22% of the global area at risk of P. vivax transmission, but high endemic areas were generally sparsely populated and the region contributed only 6% of the 2.5 billion people at risk (PAR) globally. In Africa, Duffy negativity meant stable transmission was constrained to Madagascar and parts of the Horn, contributing 3.5% of global PAR. Central Asia was home to 82% of global PAR with important high endemic areas coinciding with dense populations particularly in India and Myanmar. South East Asia contained areas of the highest endemicity in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and contributed 9% of global PAR.

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A long neglected world malaria map: Plasmodium vivax endemicity in 2010.

One of the most consistent findings in the social epidemiology of mental health is the gender gap in depression. Depression is approximately twice as prevalent among women as it is among men. However, the absence of comparable data hampers cross-national comparisons of the prevalence of depression in general populations. Using information about the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms from the third wave of the European Social Survey (ESS-3), we are able to fill the gap the absence of comparable data leaves. In the ESS-3, depression is measured with an eight-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. In the current study, we examine depression among men and women aged 18-75 in 23 European countries. Our results indicate that women report higher levels of depression than men do in all countries, but there is significant cross-national variation in this gender gap. Gender differences in depression are largest in some of the Eastern and Southern European countries and smallest in Ireland, Slovakia and some Nordic countries. Hierarchical linear models show that socioeconomic as well as family-related factors moderate the relationship between gender and depression. Lower risk of depression is associated in both genders with marriage and cohabiting with a partner as well as with having a generally good socioeconomic position. In a majority of countries, socioeconomic factors have the strongest association with depression in both men and women. This research contributes new findings, expanding the small existing body of literature that presents highly comparable data on the prevalence of depression in women and men in Europe.

Gender differences in depression in 20 European countries: cross-national variation in the true gender gap in depression

With enforced distance learning based teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic, educators were urged to reflect on their teaching practices and best approaches to reach out to a variety of students. Universal Design allows for an inclusive world that considers the specificities that characterize and apply to each individual. The concept of Universal Design, advanced by Architect Ronald Mace, proposes that, whenever possible, all products and buildings should be deemed visually pleasing and usable by most individuals, regardless of age, ability or financial status. Seven principles are at the core of Universal Design: Equitable Use, Flexibility in Use, Simple and Intuitive, Perceptible Information, Tolerance for Error, Low Physical Effort, and Size and Space for Approach and Use. This study proposes the adaptation of Universal Design to the digital world of teaching Statistics. It will offer a roadmap through Universal Design for Inclusive Education, focusing on simple solutions when teaching Statistics online.

Universal design for inclusive education

Background: In Plasmodium, the high level of genetic diversity and the interactions established by co-infecting parasite populations within the same host may be a source of selection on pathogen virulence and drug resistance. As different patterns have already been described in humans and mosquitoes, parasite diversity and population structure should be studied in both hosts to properly assess their effects on infection and transmission dynamics. This study aimed to characterize the circulating populations of Plasmodium spp and Plasmodium falciparum from a combined set of human blood and mosquito samples gathered in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Further, the origin and evolution of anti-malarial resistance in this area, where malaria remains a major public health problem were traced. Methods: Plasmodium species infecting humans and mosquitoes were identified by nested-PCR of chelex-extracted DNA from dried blood spot samples and mosquitoes. Analysis of Pfmsp2 gene, anti-malarial-resistance associated genes, Pfdhps, Pfdhfr, Pfcrt and Pfmdr1, neutral microsatellites (STR) loci and Pfdhfr and Pfdhps flanking STR was undertaken to evaluate P. falciparum diversity. Results: Prevalence of infection remains high in mainland Equatorial Guinea. No differences in parasite formula or significant genetic differentiation were seen in the parasite populations in both human and mosquito samples. Point mutations in all genes associated with anti-malarial resistance were highly prevalent. A high prevalence was observed for the Pfdhfr triple mutant in particular, associated with pyrimethamine resistance. Analysis of Pfdhps and Pfdhfr flanking STR revealed a decrease in the genetic diversity. This finding along with multiple independent introductions of Pfdhps mutant haplotypes suggest a soft selective sweep and an increased differentiation at Pfdhfr flanking microsatellites hints a model of positive directional selection for this gene. Conclusions: Chloroquine is no longer recommended for malaria treatment in Equatorial Guinea but sulphadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) remains in use in combination with artesunate and is the only drug recommended in preventive chemotherapy in pregnancy. The high prevalence of point mutations in Pfdhfr and Pfdhps points to the danger of an eventual reduction in the efficacy of SP combined therapy in P. falciparum populations in Equatorial Guinea and to the essential continuous monitoring of these two genes.

Genetic diversity and signatures of selection of drug resistance in Plasmodium populations from both human and mosquito hosts in continental

Introducao: A intencao deste trabalho e conhecer melhor, na Regiao de Saude de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (RSLVT), a dimensao daatividade empresarial associada a producao de saude e bem-estar.Material e Metodos: Analisaram-se bases de dados do Gabinete de Estrategia e Planeamento do Ministerio do Emprego e SolidariedadeSocial, relativas ao ano de 2007 com dados sobre empresas e estabelecimentos nao publicos dos sectores associados asaude e dos recursos humanos associados a esses estabelecimentos, referentes so a Regiao de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Em relacaoa mesma Regiao, analisaram-se tambem dados, disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, dos inqueritos, aos hospitaise centros de saude do Servico Nacional de Saude, referentes a 2008. Os dados foram submetidos a analise estatistica descritiva egeorreferenciada.Resultados: Os resultados permitem uma primeira descricao do complexo economico da saude da Regiao de Saude de Lisboa e Valedo Tejo na sua plenitude de empresas, estabelecimentos e recursos humanos dedicados a atividades de saude nos sectores publicoe nao publico.Na Regiao de Saude de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo existem 7180 empresas, 8504 estabelecimentos e 127 430 recursos humanos associadosa atividades de saude. Existem quatro grandes grupos de atividades associadas a saude: prestacao de cuidados, apoio social,comercializacao de produtos de saude e outras categorias. Destas, as tres ultimas categorias estao quase que exclusivamente nosector nao publico, enquanto a prestacao de cuidados, o maior grupo, esta grandemente concentrado no sector publico.Conclusao: Um sector de saude pensado de uma forma ampla e nao so como o Servico Nacional de Saude identifica uma capacidadeinstalada importante nao so do ponto de vista da prestacao de servicos mas tambem de capacidade economica com elevado potencialde internacionalizacao.

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[Health system in the Health Region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley: beyond health centers and hospitals].

Medical doctors are frequently confronted with various tools for risk assessment, forecast models, and diagnostics based on conditional probabilities, but statistical literacy among medical students is often low. This leads to a potential loss of information when communicating with patients and poorer decision making. We argue that a special focus in teaching probabilities and risks to medical students not only should be on skills regarding the correct interpretation of the different measures from a clinical perspective but also should focus on how to communicate these risks via natural frequencies to patients. We identified some typical settings and small case-studies that illustrate potential solutions that could be used when teaching statistics to medical students, to ensure proper communication with patients.

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Teaching Probabilities and Risks to Medical Students With a Special Focus on Communication With Patients

Ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) systems rely on heterogeneous technologies and diverse protocols to enable the Anywhere, Anything, Anytime paradigm. Besides networking, the typical definition of a UbiComp system includes also soft- ware components and user interaction. The design of a UbiComp system is not an easy task, as architectural choices need to be made regarding technologies, applications and protocols to be employed. In this chapter we present a methodological framework for evaluating the support of ubiquity in mobile computing systems and protocols. This framework can be employed in different network architectures to design and evaluate protocols for future mobile networks, without incurring the overhead of prototyping, simulation or ethnographic studies. We illustrate the importance of protocol selection in UbiComp systems by presenting a case that com- pares ubiquity support in Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Host Identity Protocol (HIP) protocols. The case study shows that without recurring to experts in the field (e.g. UbiComp systems experts) we can demonstrate that HIP supports ubiquity better than MIPv6.

Bruno de Sousa

Papers

Universal design for inclusive education

Genetic diversity and signatures of selection of drug resistance in Plasmodium populations from both human and mosquito hosts in continental

[Health system in the Health Region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley: beyond health centers and hospitals].

Teaching Probabilities and Risks to Medical Students With a Special Focus on Communication With Patients

Resource and Power Management in Mobile Computing Systems