A complex antioxidant system has been developed in mammals to relieve oxidative stress. However, excessive reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen may still lead to oxidative damage to tissue and organs. Oxidative stress has been considered as a conjoint pathological mechanism, and it contributes to initiation and progression of liver injury. A lot of risk factors, including alcohol, drugs, environmental pollutants and irradiation, may induce oxidative stress in liver, which in turn results in severe liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Application of antioxidants signifies a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. Although conclusions drawn from clinical studies remain uncertain, animal studies have revealed the promising in vivo therapeutic effect of antioxidants on liver diseases. Natural antioxidants contained in edible or medicinal plants often possess strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities as well as anti-inflammatory action, which are also supposed to be the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits. In this review, PubMed was extensively searched for literature research. The keywords for searching oxidative stress were free radicals, reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, anti-oxidative therapy, Chinese medicines, natural products, antioxidants and liver diseases. The literature, including ours, with studies on oxidative stress and anti-oxidative therapy in liver diseases were the focus. Various factors that cause oxidative stress in liver and effects of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases were summarized, questioned, and discussed.

/pdf/the-role-of-oxidative-stress-and-antioxidants-in-liver-3pnddyz5af.pdf

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases

Background
Gum ghatti is a proteinaceous edible, exudate tree gum of India and is also used in traditional medicine. A facile and ecofriendly green method has been developed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate using gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The influence of concentration of gum and reaction time on the synthesis of nanoparticles was studied. UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analytical techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles.

/pdf/size-controlled-green-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-5c1seiuruc.pdf

Size-controlled green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) and its biological activity.

Carthamus tinctorius L is commonly known as Safflower C tinctorius extracts and oil are important in drug development with numerous pharmacological activities in the world This plant is cultivated mainly for its seed, which is used as edible oil For a long time C tinctorius has been used in traditional medicines as a purgative, analgesic, antipyretic and an antidote to poisoning It is a useful plant in painful menstrual problems, post-partum hemorrhage and osteoporosis C tinctorius has recently been shown to have antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities Carthamin, safflower yellow are the main constituents in the flower of C tinctorius Carthamidin, isocarthamidin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, safflor yellow A, safflamin C and luteolin are the main constituents which are reported from this plant Caryophyllene, p-allyltoluene, 1-acetoxytetralin and heneicosane were identified as the major components for C tinctorius flowers essential oil Due to the easy collection of the plant and being widespread and also remarkable biological activities, this plant has become both food and medicine in many parts of the world This review presents comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of C tinctorius

Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L.

Hepatoprotective effects of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside from Carthamus tinctorius L. on CCl4-induced oxidative liver injury in mice

Background Safflower is a multiple purpose crop generally grown for oil production. The safflower oil is considered to be a better oil since it contains higher amount of oleic and linoleic acids than other oil seed crops. Safflower oil has numerous applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and feed industry. An added advantage of safflower oil is lower cost of production thus can become an alternate option for those who cannot afford to buy olive and other functional oils. Scope and approach This manuscript provides a comprehensive review on critical aspects of pharmacological and nutritional applications of safflower oil. A higher antioxidant activity renders better stability of safflower seed oil over extended storage period. Moreover, a higher content of omega six fatty acids makes it a healthier choice for consumption especially where olive oil being the only but costly choice. There has been a surge in developing innovative and efficient methods to extract safflower oil including super critical fluid and enzymatic extraction techniques. Key findings and conclusions A higher stability index makes it possible to encapsulate safflower oil or used it as a carrier in bioactive functional ingredient delivery systems. The functional properties of safflower oil can be used to treat skin infections, bone related disorders, menopause and atherosclerosis. Composition and distribution of phenolic contents of safflower oil has not been explored to its full potential. There is a need to conduct exclusive research on exploring the role of phenolic compounds in food and pharma industrial applications.

A comprehensive characterisation of safflower oil for its potential applications as a bioactive food ingredient - A review

Background: The present investigation evaluates the hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant effect of methanolic extract and its isolated constituent, dehydroabietylamine, in Carthamus tinctorious L, var Annigeri-2-, an oil yielding crop. Materials and Methods: The hepatoprotective effects were estimated for the parameters viz, total bilirubin, total protein, serum alanine amino transaminase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and along with the pathological findings of hepatotoxicity. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using free radical scavenging assays: DPPH, nitric oxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability and total antioxidant capacity. Results: Both the methanolic extract (at 150 and 300 mg/kg bw) and dehydroabietylamine (at 50 mg/kg bw) showed significant liver protection against CCl 4 -induced liver damage that was comparable with the standard drug, silymarin (100 mg/kg bw), in reducing the elevated serum enzyme markers. The liver sections of the animals treated with dehydroabietylamine elicit a significant liver protection compared with the methanolic extract against CCl 4 -induced liver damage. Further, both the methanolic extract and dehydroabietylamine exhibited a considerable and dose-dependent scavenging activity of DPPH, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical. Similarly, in the reducing power assay, the results were very persuasive. In addition, the Fe 2+ chelating activity and the total antioxidant assay established the antioxidant property of the methanolic extract and its isolated constituent. Among the two experimental samples, dehydroabietylamine proved to be more effective for the said parameters. Conclusion: The potent antioxidant and its correlative hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract and isolated constituent dehydroabietylamine is therefore attributed to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.

Hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant effect of Carthamus tinctorious L, var Annigeri-2-, an oil-yielding crop, against CCl(4) -induced liver injury in rats.

Cardiovascular diseases are becoming an increasing problem worldwide and hypercholesterolemia has been correlated for coronary heart diseases. Currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects. Herbal treatment for hyperlipidemia poses no side effects and is relatively cheap and locally available. In view of this, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of gum ghatti of Anogeissus lalifolia on serum lipid levels of albino rats. Rats were made hyperlipidemic by the oral administration of cholesterol (400mg/kg body weight/day) along with cholic acid (50mg/kg) in coconut oil. The hypolipidemic effect was compared with control. The rats were divided into six groups of six animals each. In atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic model, the rats receiving treatment with gum ghatti at 250 mg/kg dosage showed significant reduction in serum triglyceride (82.75±0.63) only and there was no significant changes either in serum total cholesterol or elevation in HDL. Whereas, at 500 and 750 mg/kg dosage showed significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (72.85±0.60, 68.17±0.95) and serum triglyceride (78.92±0.34, 75.93±1.05). Further, the 750 mg/kg dose has also exhibited significant elevation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (41.13±0.37).

Hypolipidemic activity of gum ghatti of Anogeissus latifolia.

The present research evaluates the wound healing capacity of dehydroabietylamine, a diterpenoid isolated from methanolic leaves extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae). The wound healing activity was screened by excision, incision, and dead space wound models on albino rats and for the angiogenic property using chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Significant increase in wound contraction rate, skin breaking strength, granuloma strength, and dry granuloma weights was observed as compared to control. The pro-healing action may be due to increasing in collagen deposition as well better alignment and maturation. In CAM assay, the dehydroabietylamine showed increased angiogenic zone formation in the developing embryos compared to normal embryos and evidenced pro-angiogenic activity of the active constituent. Further, in silico comparative docking of dehydroabietylamine, standard drug nitrofurazone and positive control CHIR_98014 to ATP-binding active pocket of glycogen synthase kinase3-β (GSK3-β) protein that consisted of Tyr216 as a catalytic residue, with residues Asn64, Gly65, Ser66, Phe67, Gly68, Val70, Lys85, Leu132, Val135, Asp181, Lys183, Gln185, Asn186, and Asp200 in the active pocket docked with dehydroabietylamine at the torsional degree of freedom 0.5 U with Lamarckian genetic algorithm showed the inhibition constant of 315.6 × 10−9. But the inhibition constant of nitrofurazone and CHIR_98014 was 34.76 × 10−6 and 4.64 × 10−6 respectively. Docking of dehydroabietylamine to GSK3-β protein involved in Wnt signaling pathway supported the research on wound healing property. The above said studies explore the role of dehydroabietylamine in wound healing activity.

Effect of dehydroabietylamine in angiogenesis and GSK3-β inhibition during wound healing activity in rats

\n\nThe genus Morus is one of the rich sources of phytomedicine and considered\na beneficial natural source for drugs with potential antimicrobial effect under the traditional\nsystem of medicine.\n\n\n\nIn the present study, three bioactive compounds isolated from the leaves of two species\nof genus Morus and their antibacterial effect against selective pathogens were assessed.\n\n\n\n The inhibitory effects of the three molecules isolated were assessed for their minimum\ninhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against selected\npathogens. The in-silico studies provided the toxicity profile and the binding interactions with glucosamine-\n6-phosphate synthase for all the isolates.\n\n\n\nAmong the three compounds tested, cathafuran-B showed a prominent bacteriostatic and\nbactericidal effect, which is supported by the results of in-silico analysis suggesting that cathafuran-\nB could be a potential glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase inhibitor.\n\n\n\nThe biomolecule isolated from less explored Morus laevigata exhibiting higher antibacterial\neffect among the compounds tested warranted opening a new prospect in phytomedicinal\nresearch for exploring its pharmacological properties and lowering the utilization load present on\nhighly explored Morus alba.\n

C. K. Ramesh

Papers

Hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant effect of Carthamus tinctorious L, var Annigeri-2-, an oil-yielding crop, against CCl(4) -induced liver injury in rats.

Hypolipidemic activity of gum ghatti of Anogeissus latifolia.

Effect of dehydroabietylamine in angiogenesis and GSK3-β inhibition during wound healing activity in rats

Bioactive Isolates of Morus Species as Antibacterial Agents and their in-silico Profiling

Anthelmintic activity of Anogeissus latifolia bark and leaf extracts.