１ Ｂａｓｉｃ ｎｅｐｈｒｏｌｏｇｙ（生理；免疫・病理；分子生物学；検査・診断） ２ Ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｎｅｐｈｒｏｌｏｇｙ（糸球体障害；尿細管・間質障害；全身性疾患と腎障害；水電解質異常；腎不全）

Annual review 腎臓

The marmosets and tamarins fill a unique ecological role among the anthropoid primates, one that has not been fully recognized. Many misconceptions--that they are primitive, monogamous, territorial, and squirrellike--pervade the literature. These misconceptions are largely the result of misinterpreting laboratory studies which have not been confirmed with identified animals in natural habitats. Recent field studies, reviewed here, indicate that marmosets and tamarins have a highly derived ecological role, are not monogamous, feed largely on insects and plant exudates, and have uniquely specialized positional behavior involving clinging to vertical tree trunks in order to feed on exudates. Accompanying these behavioral traits are a number clawlike nails on all digits except the hallux, and a three-cusped upper molar morphology. These form a suite of characteristics unique among the living primates, many of which are related to their ecological role. We believe that the marmosets and tamarins are members of a guild of exudate feeders in which plant exudates are an important component of the diet. It is within this framework of a primate foraging guild that we can best understand many of their morphological and behavioral adaptations.

The ecological role of the callitrichidae: a review.

An empirical study on trust in mobile banking

Primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae (Callimico, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, and Saguinus) are small-bodied New World monkeys (105-700 g) possessing clawlike nails on all manual and pedal digits excluding the hallux. Specialized nails in these genera serve a critical function in feeding by enabling tamarins and marmosets to cling to trunks and other large vertical supports while exploiting food resources. Within the subfamily, there is evidence of at least four distinct large-branch feeding patterns. These include (1) seasonal exudate feeding and occasional trunk foraging (many Saguinus spp.); (2) exploitation of bark surface insects and the use of trunks as a platform to locate terrestrial prey (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. nigricollis, and Callimico); (3) manipulative foraging and bark stripping to locate concealed insects and small vertebrates (Leontopithecus); and (4) tree gouging and year-round exudate feeding (many Callithrix). Large-branch feeding and the use of vertical clinging postures appear to be a primary adaptation among virtually all callitrichines, distinguishing them ecologically from other platyrrhine taxa. Given the anatomy and behavior of extant callitrichines, Saguinus appears to be the most ecologically generalized member of this subfamily, and species of this genus may provide useful models for reconstructing the feeding and foraging adaptations of early callitrichines.

Vertical clinging, small body size, and the evolution of feeding adaptations in the Callitrichinae.

http://gerwinmeijer.nl/publications/kanenmeijer.pdf

The risk of contamination of food with toxic substances present in animal feed

This paper describes the occurrence of four cases of acute food poisoning, involving a total of 50 people, due to the ingestion of lamb and bovine meat containing residues of clenbuterol. Symptoms shown by the intoxicated people may be generally described as gross tremors of the extremities, tachycardia, nausea, headaches and dizziness. Analytical methodology developed for the determination of clenbuterol in meat, liver and blood samples is described. Procedures are described which should be followed when the described symptoms are evident in a group of people who have ingested contaminated meat, and particularly liver of ruminants.

Food poisoning by clenbuterol in Portugal.

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus penicillata) living in a central Brazilian gallery forest depend heavily on exudates as a food. The marmosets gnaw holes in the bark of certain tree species, and all exudate collection takes place at these holes. Marmosets thus forage as ectoparasites on these trees. In all, 14 species of trees were parasitized by the marmosets; however, almost all activity was concentrated on three species: Vochysia pyramidalis, Callisthene major, and Tapirira guianensis. Marmosets foraged more on larger trees near the center of the gallery forest. Although Callisthene was utilized in a somewhat different fashion than the other two species, there was no strong difference in preference among the three important species. The exudate sources were distributed regularly among the gallery forest.

Parasitism of trees by marmosets in a central Brasilian gallery forest

Exudate-eating, scent-marking, and territoriality in wild populations of marmosets

https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/5763/1/file3d7c4bb52c674ba8ab2d0f7319350835.pdf

Proposed guidelines for clenbuterol food poisoning

Este estudo buscou verificar os niveis de divulgacao do risco operacional de 24 bancos do pais e de 9 do exterior, segundo recomendacoes do Comite da Basileia, em 31 de dezembro de 2003 e 31 de dezembro de 2004. Realizaram-se revisao teorica e pesquisa documental, com o proposito de analisar o conteudo de relatorios anuais e outros instrumentos de divulgacao. A amostra baseou-se no relatorio "50 maiores bancos" do Banco Central do Brasil. A analise empregou 9 categorias e 18 subcategorias baseadas em recomendacoes do Comite, na revisao teorica e em pesquisa exploratoria em que se coletou opiniao de profissionais relativa as categorias e subcategorias. Aplicaram-se testes nao parametricos. Constatou-se que os niveis de divulgacao de bancos do pais e do exterior em 2003 foram, respectivamente, 17,13% e 77,78%, e em 2004, 24,31% e 81,48%. Os testes indicaram que os bancos do exterior divulgaram mais subcategorias e que a quantidade de subcategorias divulgadas pelos dois grupos de bancos aumentou em 2004.

/pdf/analise-do-nivel-de-divulgacao-do-risco-operacional-segundo-4j8nd121al.pdf

Carlos André de Melo Alves

Papers

Food poisoning by clenbuterol in Portugal.

Parasitism of trees by marmosets in a central Brasilian gallery forest

Exudate-eating, scent-marking, and territoriality in wild populations of marmosets

Proposed guidelines for clenbuterol food poisoning

Análise do nível de divulgação do risco operacional segundo recomendações do comitê da Basiléia: estudo em bancos do país e do exterior