THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics

The amendment of two agricultural soils with two biochars derived from the slow pyrolysis of papermill waste was assessed in a glasshouse study. Characterisation of both biochars revealed high surface area (115 m2 g−1) and zones of calcium mineral agglomeration. The biochars differed slightly in their liming values (33% and 29%), and carbon content (50% and 52%). Molar H/C ratios of 0.3 in the biochars suggested aromatic stability. At application rates of 10 t ha−1 in a ferrosol both biochars significantly increased pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca and total C, while in a calcarosol both biochars increased C while biochar 2 also increased exchangeable K. Biochars reduced Al availability (ca. 2 cmol (+) kg−1 to <0.1 cmol (+) kg−1) in the ferrosol. The analysis of biomass production revealed a range of responses, due to both biochar characteristics and soil type. Both biochars significantly increased N uptake in wheat grown in fertiliser amended ferrosol. Concomitant increase in biomass production (250% times that of control) therefore suggested improved fertiliser use efficiency. Likewise, biochar amendment significantly increased biomass in soybean and radish in the ferrosol with fertiliser. The calcarosol amended with fertiliser and biochar however gave varied crop responses: Increased soybean biomass, but reduced wheat and radish biomass. No significant effects of biochar were shown in the absence of fertiliser for wheat and soybean, while radish biomass increased significantly. Earthworms showed preference for biochar-amended ferrosol over control soils with no significant difference recorded for the calcarosol. The results from this work demonstrate that the agronomic benefits of papermill biochars have to be verified for different soil types and crops.

Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility

Role of organic amendments on enhanced bioremediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils

A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment

Aggregation and removal of detrimental substances from peroxide-bleached, fiber-free thermomechanical pulp water by dissolved air flotation (DAF) were studied for different chemicals. A focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) instrument was used to continuously assess the aggregation and removal of dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) during batchwise DAF of process water. FBRM is particularly suitable for assessing the aggregation of DCS during the coagulation process prior to flotation. Differences between flocculants, as well as between different flocculant doses, can be observed. The FBRM results were in good agreement with turbidity measurements and with determination of wood resin and pectic acids by gas chromatography. General trends in the flotation process were also observed. However, monitoring the aggregates during flotation is more complicated due to the interference of air bubbles. To determine the overall flotation efficiency, a two-probe system with measurement points before and aft...

Monitoring of Dissolved Air Flotation by Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement

Rheological properties of pulp suspensions play a very important role in the industry, mainly due to the consumption of energy for transporting pulp among the different parts of the paper mill. In this work, we determined the rheology of longand short-fiber bleached kraft pulp suspensions by using a new rotational viscometer especially designed for their analysis. The experimental rheograms were adjusted to the Herschel-Bulkley model. We established the dependence of the rheological parameters on temperature, fiber length, and pulp consistency, to evaluate the relative influence of these factors and the corresponding interactions in the rheological parameters. In addition, we defined a mathematical model that enables the estimation of rheological parameters as a function of the different input factors. We validated this model with some preliminary experimental data. Application: The knowledge of pulp suspensions rheology is of utmost importance for the optimum design and operation of the majority of unit operations in the pulp and paper industry; accordingly, this study intends to clarify the rheological behaviour of pulp fiber suspensions, by modeling it as a function of consistency, temperature and fiber length. VOL. 6: NO. 7 TAPPI JOURNAL 17 1. Stress-rate curve for a fiber suspension (adapted from [Gullichsen, 1981]).

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Modeling pulp fiber suspension rheology

Water-based or flexographic inks in paper and plastic industries are more environmentally favourable than organic solvent-based inks. However, their use also creates new challenges because they remain dissolved in water and alter the recycling process. Conventional deinking technologies such as flotation processes do not effectively remove them. Adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, biological and membrane processes are either expensive or have negative health impacts, making the development of alternative methods necessary. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are biodegradable, and their structural and mechanical properties are useful for wastewater treatment. TEMPO-oxidised CNF have been evaluated for the decolourisation of wastewaters that contained copper phthalocyanine blue, carbon black and diarlyide yellow pigments. CNF in combination with a cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM) has also been tested. Jar-test methodology was used to evaluate the efficiency of the different treatments and cationic/anionic demand, turbidity and ink concentration in waters were measured. Results show that dual-component system for ink removal has a high potential as an alternative bio-based adsorbent for the removal of water-based inks. In addition, experiments varying CNF and cPAM concentrations were performed to optimise the ink-removal process. Ink concentration reductions of 100%, 87.5% and 83.3% were achieved for copper phthalocyanine blue, carbon black and diarlyide yellow pigments, respectively. Flocculation studies carried out show the decolourisation mechanism during the dual-component treatment of wastewaters containing water-based inks.

Application of cellulose nanofibers to remove water-based flexographic inks from wastewaters.

Mixtures of hydrofluoric and nitric acids are used in the pickling of stainless steels, in order to remove oxide scale, generating pickling waste liquors with high HF concentration. Species appearing in this mixed acid solution are fluoride-metal complexes with high stabilization constants. This work discusses about the modelling of equilibrium reactions that could take place, like complexation of iron and chromium. As observed in the literature, 31 species could be present in pickling liquor with 25 equilibrium reactions. Activity coefficients are calculated using Bromley's methodology that depends on cation–anion interaction parameter B. New parameters at 25°C have been calculated, using Nelder and Mead Simplex Algorithm. The new model shows that FeF3, CrF2+ and Ni2+ are the main metallic forms in the solution and undissociated hydrofluoric acid has a high relative concentration, while free fluoride practically does not exist in solution. In neutralization processes, free fluoride is released from undisocciated hydrofluoric acid. Therefore, high fluoride complexes are formed, which could precipitate instead of metal hydroxides.

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Carlos Negro

Papers

Monitoring of Dissolved Air Flotation by Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement

Modeling pulp fiber suspension rheology

Application of cellulose nanofibers to remove water-based flexographic inks from wastewaters.

Fluoride speciation in stainless steel pickling liquor

In situ production of bacterial cellulose to economically improve recycled paper properties.