THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics

The amendment of two agricultural soils with two biochars derived from the slow pyrolysis of papermill waste was assessed in a glasshouse study. Characterisation of both biochars revealed high surface area (115 m2 g−1) and zones of calcium mineral agglomeration. The biochars differed slightly in their liming values (33% and 29%), and carbon content (50% and 52%). Molar H/C ratios of 0.3 in the biochars suggested aromatic stability. At application rates of 10 t ha−1 in a ferrosol both biochars significantly increased pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca and total C, while in a calcarosol both biochars increased C while biochar 2 also increased exchangeable K. Biochars reduced Al availability (ca. 2 cmol (+) kg−1 to <0.1 cmol (+) kg−1) in the ferrosol. The analysis of biomass production revealed a range of responses, due to both biochar characteristics and soil type. Both biochars significantly increased N uptake in wheat grown in fertiliser amended ferrosol. Concomitant increase in biomass production (250% times that of control) therefore suggested improved fertiliser use efficiency. Likewise, biochar amendment significantly increased biomass in soybean and radish in the ferrosol with fertiliser. The calcarosol amended with fertiliser and biochar however gave varied crop responses: Increased soybean biomass, but reduced wheat and radish biomass. No significant effects of biochar were shown in the absence of fertiliser for wheat and soybean, while radish biomass increased significantly. Earthworms showed preference for biochar-amended ferrosol over control soils with no significant difference recorded for the calcarosol. The results from this work demonstrate that the agronomic benefits of papermill biochars have to be verified for different soil types and crops.

Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility

Role of organic amendments on enhanced bioremediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils

A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment

Recycling of TEMPO-mediated oxidation medium and its effect on nanocellulose properties

The possibility of using wastes, such as corn stalk and hemp core, as raw material for asbestos-free fiber-cement is quite feasible, considering environmental and economic aspects. However, although there are many studies on the use of other agricultural wastes, there is a lack of information on the characterization of these pulp fibers and their use as reinforcement in fiber-cement corrugated sheets. In this chapter, the feasibility of using organosolv pulps obtained from corn stalk (Zea mays L.) and industrial hemp core (Cannabis sativa L.) as a source of reinforcement fibers in the production of fiber-cement is studied. The morphology of the pulp and its effect on flocculation, retention, and drainage processes and on physical and mechanical properties of the product are presented. Results show that the replacement of pine fibers by those from agricultural wastes, especially hemp core organosolv fibers, improves retention and drainage process while allowing to obtain a fiber-cement with similar physical and mechanical properties to that from pine Kraft fibers.

Hatschek process as a way to valorize agricultural wastes: Effects on the process and product quality

Influence of dispersion of fibrillated cellulose on the reinforcement of coated papers

To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper’s ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.

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Carlos Negro

Papers

Recycling of TEMPO-mediated oxidation medium and its effect on nanocellulose properties

Hatschek process as a way to valorize agricultural wastes: Effects on the process and product quality

Influence of dispersion of fibrillated cellulose on the reinforcement of coated papers

Synergies between Fibrillated Nanocellulose and Hot-Pressing of Papers Obtained from High-Yield Pulp