Johnson: Computers and Intractability-A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness

From the Publisher:
A valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography, this book provides easy and rapid access of information and includes more than 200 algorithms and protocols; more than 200 tables and figures; more than 1,000 numbered definitions, facts, examples, notes, and remarks; and over 1,250 significant references, including brief comments on each paper.

Handbook of Applied Cryptography

ROUGE stands for Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation. It includes measures to automatically determine the quality of a summary by comparing it to other (ideal) summaries created by humans. The measures count the number of overlapping units such as n-gram, word sequences, and word pairs between the computer-generated summary to be evaluated and the ideal summaries created by humans. This paper introduces four different ROUGE measures: ROUGE-N, ROUGE-L, ROUGE-W, and ROUGE-S included in the ROUGE summarization evaluation package and their evaluations. Three of them have been used in the Document Understanding Conference (DUC) 2004, a large-scale summarization evaluation sponsored by NIST.

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ROUGE: A Package for Automatic Evaluation of Summaries

The proliferation of mobile computing devices and local-area wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location-aware systems and services. In this paper we present RADAR, a radio-frequency (RF)-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR operates by recording and processing signal strength information at multiple base stations positioned to provide overlapping coverage in the area of interest. It combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications. We present experimental results that demonstrate the ability of RADAR to estimate user location with a high degree of accuracy.

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RADAR: an in-building RF-based user location and tracking system

We describe a new computer program, SnpEff, for rapidly categorizing the effects of variants in genome sequences. Once a genome is sequenced, SnpEff annotates variants based on their genomic locations and predicts coding effects. Annotated genomic locations include intronic, untranslated region, upstream, downstream, splice site, or intergenic regions. Coding effects such as synonymous or non-synonymous amino acid replacement, start codon gains or losses, stop codon gains or losses, or frame shifts can be predicted. Here the use of SnpEff is illustrated by annotating ~356,660 candidate SNPs in ~117 Mb unique sequences, representing a substitution rate of ~1/305 nucleotides, between the Drosophila melanogaster w1118; iso-2; iso-3 strain and the reference y1; cn1 bw1 sp1 strain. We show that ~15,842 SNPs are synonymous and ~4,467 SNPs are non-synonymous (N/S ~0.28). The remaining SNPs are in other categories, such as stop codon gains (38 SNPs), stop codon losses (8 SNPs), and start codon gains (297 SNPs) in...

A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3

Multiprocessor scheduling in a shared multiprogramming environment can be structured in two levels, where a kernel-level job scheduler allots processors to jobs and a user-level thread scheduler maps the ready threads of a job onto the allotted processors. This paper presents two-level scheduling schemes for scheduling "adaptive" multithreaded jobs whose parallelism can change during execution. The AGDEQ algorithm uses dynamic-equipartioning (DEQ) as a job-scheduling policy and an adaptive greedy algorithm (A-Greedy) as the thread scheduler. The ASDEQ algorithm uses DEQ for job scheduling and an adaptive work-stealing algorithm (A-Steal) as the thread scheduler. AGDEQ is suitable for scheduling in centralized scheduling environments, and ASDEQ is suitable for more decentralized settings. Both two-level schedulers achieve O(1)-competitiveness with respect to makespan for any set of multithreaded jobs with arbitrary release time. They are also O(1)- competitive for any batched jobs with respect to mean response time. Moreover, because the length of the scheduling quantum can be adjusted to amortize the cost of context-switching during processor reallocation, our schedulers provide control over the scheduling overhead and ensure effective utilization of processors.

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Provably efficient two-level adaptive scheduling

The problem of efficiently permuting data stored in VLSI chips in accordance with a predetermined set of permutations is explored. By connecting chips with shared bus interconnections, as opposed to point-to-point interconnections, it is shown that the number of pins per chip can often be reduced. As an example, for infinitely many n, the authors exhibit permutation architectures that can realize any of the n cyclic shifts on n chips in one clock tick, where the upper limit on the number of pins per chip is the greatest integer >

The organization of permutation architectures with bused interconnections

Algorithmen - Eine Einführung

: Communication bandwidth is a resource ignored by most parallel random-access machine (PRAM) models. This paper shows that many graph problems can be solved in parallel, not only with polylogarithmic performance, but with efficient communication at each step of the computation. We measure the communication requirements of an algorithm in a model called the distributed random-access machine (DRAM), in which communication cost is measured in terms of the congestion of memory accesses across cuts of an underlying network. The algorithms are based on a communication-efficient variant of the tree contraction technique due to Miller and Reif. (Author)

Communication-efficient parallel graph algorithms

Pipeline parallelism organizes a parallel program as a linear sequence of s stages. Each stage processes elements of a data stream, passing each processed data element to the next stage, and then taking on a new element before the subsequent stages have necessarily completed their processing. Pipeline parallelism is used especially in streaming applications that perform video, audio, and digital signal processing. Three out of 13 benchmarks in PARSEC, a popular software benchmark suite designed for shared-memory multiprocessors, can be expressed as pipeline parallelism.Whereas most concurrency platforms that support pipeline parallelism use a "construct-and-run" approach, this paper investigates "on-the-fly" pipeline parallelism, where the structure of the pipeline emerges as the program executes rather than being specified a priori. On-the-fly pipeline parallelism allows the number of stages to vary from iteration to iteration and dependencies to be data dependent. We propose simple linguistics for specifying on-the-fly pipeline parallelism and describe a provably efficient scheduling algorithm, the Piper algorithm, which integrates pipeline parallelism into a work-stealing scheduler, allowing pipeline and fork-join parallelism to be arbitrarily nested. The Piper algorithm automatically throttles the parallelism, precluding "runaway" pipelines. Given a pipeline computation with T1 work and T∞ span (critical-path length), Piper executes the computation on P processors in TP≤ T1/P + O(T∞ + lg P) expected time. Piper also limits stack space, ensuring that it does not grow unboundedly with running time.We have incorporated on-the-fly pipeline parallelism into a Cilk-based work-stealing runtime system. Our prototype Cilk-P implementation exploits optimizations such as lazy enabling and dependency folding. We have ported the three PARSEC benchmarks that exhibit pipeline parallelism to run on Cilk-P. One of these, x264, cannot readily be executed by systems that support only construct-and-run pipeline parallelism. Benchmark results indicate that Cilk-P has low serial overhead and good scalability. On x264, for example, Cilk-P exhibits a speedup of 13.87 over its respective serial counterpart when running on 16 processors.

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Charles E. Leiserson

Papers

Provably efficient two-level adaptive scheduling

The organization of permutation architectures with bused interconnections

Algorithmen - Eine Einführung

Communication-efficient parallel graph algorithms

On-the-fly pipeline parallelism