Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

Microwave planar balanced single-/dual-band bandpass filters (BPFs) with symmetrical quasi-reflectionless differential-mode behavior are presented in this letter. They are made up of a direct single-/dual-band BPF branch with virtually short-ended stubs in differential-mode operation, whose input and output accesses are loaded with stub-loaded-type single-/dual-band bandstop filter (BSF) branches that are terminated with a resistor. These BSF branches exhibit a quasi-complementary transfer function with regard to the one of the BPF branch and absorb the differential-mode input-signal energy not transmitted by the filter to achieve quasi-reflectionless capabilities. The theoretical foundations of the proposed balanced quasi-absorptive single-/dual-band BPFs and synthesis examples are given. Furthermore, for experimental-demonstration purposes, microstrip prototypes of 3-GHz second-order single-band and 2.85/3.15-GHz first-order dual-band BPFs are manufactured and characterized.

Balanced Symmetrical Quasi-Reflectionless Single-and Dual-Band Bandpass Planar Filters

A novel concept of the absorptive common-mode filter (A-CMF) is proposed for solving electromagnetic interference and RF interference problems in high-speed differential digital systems. The A-CMF is realized by a balanced four-port circuit with both horizontal and vertical symmetry. The common-mode (CM) noise can be terminated (or absorbed) by the resistors in the A-CMF and is thus transferred to heat. In addition, the signal integrity of differential signals can be well preserved by the A-CMF. Theory and design procedures are developed to determine corresponding element values of the A-CMF. A design sample is realized by an integrated passive device process on glass substrate. The circuit size is only ${\hbox{1 mm}}^{2}$ . Results of measurement and full-wave simulation have good consistency. It will be found that the CM power loss (or absorption) ratio is over 80% from 4 to 14 GHz in measurement, and the differential-mode cutoff frequency can maintain up to 9 GHz with $ insertion loss, which is good enough for high-speed digital system applications. Finally, the eye diagram at the A-CMF output does not degrade significantly even when the differential data rate is up to 5 Gb/s.

A New Broadband Common-Mode Noise Absorption Circuit for High-Speed Differential Digital Systems

This paper proposes a substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter (SIW BPF), exploiting the through-dielectric via (TDV)-based 3-D integrated circuit (3-D IC) technology. The SIW BPF is designed on the dielectric cavity that is etched on the traditional low-resistivity silicon (LRSi) in a 3-D IC system, acting as the insulating material between through-silicon via plugs and LRSi. This construction can reduce prominent eddy current losses in LRSi and coupling losses among TDV plugs for the millimeter-wave application. Benzocyclobutene and glass are chosen as the dielectric cavity due to the low dielectric constant and loss tangent. The detailed design procedure beginning from the normalized Chebyshev low-pass filter to the final optimized SIW BPF is presented. The filter having a 12.5% fractional bandwidth is centered at 159.67 GHz. The return losses and insertion loss across the passband are about −10 and −1.5 dB, respectively. Numerical analysis of the advanced design system and full-wave simulation results of Ansoft’s HFSS show a good agreement.

Wideband Substrate Integrated Waveguide Bandpass Filter Based on 3-D ICs

An equivalent circuit model for the transient analysis of through-silicon vias (TSV) taking into account nonlinear metal–oxide–semiconductor effects is proposed. The model takes into account the nonlinear behavior of the doped silicon substrate in presence of the electric potential difference due to the transient voltage between the TSVs. The impact of time-variant capacitance between the via and the substrate on crosstalk and signal propagation is analyzed.

Transient Analysis of TSV Equivalent Circuit Considering Nonlinear MOS Capacitance Effects

Combining empirical mode decomposition and deep recurrent neural networks for predictive maintenance of lithium-ion battery

In this paper, the radiation of signaling channel that may lead to noise coupling, electromagnetic interference or radio-frequency interference problems in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D ICs) is discussed. To improve the electromagnetic compatibility, a common-mode filter (CMF) based on the silicon interposer process with through-silicon vias (TSV) is proposed. A differential second-order T-model circuit for transmission lines with a common inductance is proposed to characterize and design the stopband and corresponding two transmission zeros for common mode (CM). Codesigned with through-silicon vias, this TSV-based CMF (TSV-CMF) is implemented in a cost-efficient interposer process and the measurement results match well to both the equivalent circuit model and full-wave simulation. It is measured that the differential bandwidth of the TSV-CMF can reach 25 GHz and CM stopband is around 15 GHz with 20% fractional bandwidth. In addition, the suppressing frequency and bandwidth can be easily altered and improved by using more stacked chips on the interposer.

An Ultracompact TSV-Based Common-Mode Filter (TSV-CMF) in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3-D ICs)

An absorptive common-mode filter (A-CMF) embedded in a four-layer printed circuit board is proposed. Unlike traditional CMFs, for the A-CMF, common-mode (CM) noise is absorbed through the surface mount resistor, so the transmitted and reflected CM noises can be suppressed simultaneously. The proposed A-CMF is synthesized and implemented based on the corresponding equivalent circuit model. To achieve a high-efficiency CM absorption at the desired frequency, through the analytical design equations, the values of the model elements are calculated and are all realizable. In this paper, at the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz, the 15-dB suppression level and 96% absorption efficiency are measured, while the size of the A-CMF is merely $8.65 \times 2.5$ mm2. Lastly, we designed two in situ experiments for fully demonstrating the suppression performances of CM-induced radiated noise. The measured results, within the operating frequency band of the A-CMF, show the receiving noise of an antenna nearby can be effectively reduced.

A Novel Absorptive Common-Mode Filter for Cable Radiation Reduction

In this paper, a bidirectional absorptive common-mode filter (A-CMF) is proposed to suppress the common-mode (CM) noise which would induce unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio-frequency interference (RFI) problems. Different from the conventional CM filters (CMFs) which reflect the CM noise, the proposed A-CMF will absorb the CM wave, and thus suppress the radiation caused by reflected wave. An analysis and design method by using Smith chart with more physical insight is also proposed in this paper. To validate the proposed concept, the A-CMFs are implemented in the two-layer printed circuit boards. The absorbing frequency is selected at 2.4 GHz band where CM insertion loss is larger than 30 dB and the CM reflection loss is larger than 20 dB. With the proposed A-CMFs, more than 98% of the CM power can be eliminated. The proposed A-CMFs also provide a broadband CM suppression with fractional bandwidth lager than 126%, and a high bandwidth of differential-mode (DM) signal from dc to 7.4 GHz, which is about three times of the CM absorbing frequency. Eye diagrams are also measured to check the signal integrity, and the results show that the proposed A-CMF can still keep a good eye even under a high throughput of 7.5 Gb/s.

Chi-Hsuan Cheng

Papers

A New Broadband Common-Mode Noise Absorption Circuit for High-Speed Differential Digital Systems

Combining empirical mode decomposition and deep recurrent neural networks for predictive maintenance of lithium-ion battery

An Ultracompact TSV-Based Common-Mode Filter (TSV-CMF) in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3-D ICs)

A Novel Absorptive Common-Mode Filter for Cable Radiation Reduction

Analysis and Design Method of a Novel Absorptive Common-Mode Filter