本文的研究方法是以认知语言学与体貌学的主要理论为基础,以建构对于“事件语义学”及“体貌学”的一种新的研究模式。 本文研究主张人类的认知活动具有普遍性:任何文化、民族或语系的人,对不同“事件”的想像能力是有普遍性的,但不同语言能够通过特定的语法标记来凸显一个事件的不同方面,而有的语言只能通过迂回形式或其他手段去表达同样的概念。凡是涉及某种结果的事件都蕴涵不同的“事件相”(situational phases),这几个事件阶段有时对应于特定的语法标记:在现代汉语中的趋向补语、结果补语、时体标记等,都可以凸显某个事件过程的特定阶段,也就充当特定的“事件相标记”。 本文尝试将“体貌标记”、“事件相标记”以及“无标记的事件相”分开讨论,以证明“言语事件”(discoursive situation)与“形象事件”(visualized situation)的独立性。“言语事件”等同于说话者通过语言形式能够表达出来的言语信息,而“形象事件”等同于该语言形式所引起的认知场景。前者表示特定的“信息性”功能(informative)而后者相当于一种“想像性”(immaginative)活动。 本文从跨语言的角度,尽可能科学地证明语言表达形式不对应于与其相关的认知场景,并且在历时的平面上相信“形象事件”的“焦点移动”(Focussing Shift)此认知现象,是导致时体标记语法化的因素之一。 Osten Dahl,Bybee,Perkins Pagliuca(1994)等研究者曾经证明“完整体”的语法化演变在所有的自然语言中一般经过“结果体”、“完成体”与“完整体”三个基本阶段;最早的“结果体标记”虚化至“完成体标记”此语法化现象也导致认知上的观察方式由“内部视点”转成“外部视点”。 我们认为,最早的“结果体”或“完结体”基本上等同于一个“事件相”:在很多自然语言发展的历时过程中,参照视点沿着一种逆向的观察方式:结果状态→现时状态→行为本身。在印欧语言中,完整性标记(Perfective Markers)的语法化过程显示跨语言性的认知规律:语法化程度越高,参照视点越靠近原来行为的动态实现,反而语法化程度越低,参照视点离原来行为的动态实现越远。 “焦点移动”的历时演变正好符合参照视点逐渐向原来行为靠近的认知机制;我们认为在语法化的过程中,“相”是“体”的“父母”,就是它的来源,但在共时的平面上“体貌”和“事件相”显示一定的差异,且现代汉语、土耳其语等语言的“事件相系统”能作为典型的例子。 本文在“体貌”及“事件相”两个平行而相异的概念上,通过“焦点移动论”特别解释“结果体标记”的历时演变及其类型学的共时蕴涵。

结果体与结果相的跨语言研究:a comparative approach

http://www.cell.com/article/S0169534722000891/pdf

What is domestication?

Edited by David W. Anthony, with Jennifer Y. Chi (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 254 pp. $49.95/£34.95 cloth. “Lost World” in the title of this handsome publication was apt to dr...

The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–2500 BC

Why did the farming lifestyle appear and proliferate so rapidly through the Mediterranean basin between 7000 and 5500 bc? In this paper, I review the archaeological and bioarchaeological data pertinent to Mediterranean Neolithization, suggesting that a preponderance of evidence indicates that this process involved migration—long-distance, targeted colonization along the north Mediterranean littoral. I argue that this process was driven by rapid fissioning within early farming communities, fissioning in turn caused by competing centrifugal and centripetal economic forces within small-scale egalitarian groups.

Process and Dynamics of Mediterranean Neolithization (7000–5500 bc )

Abstract Introgressed variants from other species can be an important source of genetic variation because they may arise rapidly, can include multiple mutations on a single haplotype, and have often been pretested by selection in the species of origin. Although introgressed alleles are generally deleterious, several studies have reported introgression as the source of adaptive alleles—including the rodenticide-resistant variant of Vkorc1 that introgressed from Mus spretus into European populations of Mus musculus domesticus. Here, we conducted bidirectional genome scans to characterize introgressed regions into one wild population of M. spretus from Spain and three wild populations of M. m. domesticus from France, Germany, and Iran. Despite the fact that these species show considerable intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation, introgression was observed in all individuals, including in the M. musculus reference genome (GRCm38). Mus spretus individuals had a greater proportion of introgression compared with M. m. domesticus, and within M. m. domesticus, the proportion of introgression decreased with geographic distance from the area of sympatry. Introgression was observed on all autosomes for both species, but not on the X-chromosome in M. m. domesticus, consistent with known X-linked hybrid sterility and inviability genes that have been mapped to the M. spretus X-chromosome. Tract lengths were generally short with a few outliers of up to 2.7 Mb. Interestingly, the longest introgressed tracts were in olfactory receptor regions, and introgressed tracts were significantly enriched for olfactory receptor genes in both species, suggesting that introgression may be a source of functional novelty even between species with high barriers to gene flow.

/pdf/bidirectional-introgression-between-mus-musculus-domesticus-1hh4kn0j.pdf

Bidirectional Introgression between Mus musculus domesticus and Mus spretus

The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals. However, the timing and basis of its origin and early phases of dispersal remain poorly documented. To track its synanthropisation and subsequent invasive spread during the develoment of complex human societies, we analyzed 829 Mus specimens from 43 archaeological contexts in Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe, between 40,000 and 3,000 cal. BP, combining geometric morphometrics numerical taxonomy, ancient mitochondrial DNA and direct radiocarbon dating. We found that large late hunter-gatherer sedentary settlements in the Levant, c. 14,500 cal. BP, promoted the commensal behaviour of the house mouse, which probably led the commensal pathway to cat domestication. House mouse invasive spread was then fostered through the emergence of agriculture throughout the Near East 12,000 years ago. Stowaway transport of house mice to Cyprus can be inferred as early as 10,800 years ago. However, the house mouse invasion of Europe did not happen until the development of proto urbanism and exchange networks — 6,500 years ago in Eastern Europe and 4000 years ago in Southern Europe — which in turn may have driven the first human mediated dispersal of cats in Europe.

/pdf/tracking-the-near-eastern-origins-and-european-dispersal-of-5zrkj89rip.pdf

Christiane Denys

Papers

Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse