Clive J. Ward

TL;DR: Cyanobacteria present water-borne hazards to health via drinking water and recreational water and Haemodialysis presents an additional high-risk exposure route: when they enter directly into the circulation, microcystins can lead to fatal clinical syndromes ranging from acute neurotoxic illness to subacute liver failure.

TL;DR: Advances in the recognition of cyanobacterial toxins and their toxicity, and of the exposure routes with reference to human health, namely via skin contact, inhalation, haemodialysis and ...

TL;DR: A rapid, simple and sensitive colorimetric protein phosphatase 1 inhibition assay, utilising the activity of protein phosph atase 1 as expressed in a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli, towards the chromogenic substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, is optimised.

TL;DR: The findings and events indicate an incomplete understanding of the exposure routes of these natural toxins and the need for greater awareness of their occurrence and properties among users of waterbodies which are prone to cyanobacterial bloom development.

TL;DR: The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum strain AM89BM was studied to investigate its capacity to adapt to different salinities and the influence of salinity on cellular content of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), in batch culture in enriched offshore seawater media and hypothesize that toxin biosynthesis was greatly weakened due to the lack of amino acid precursors in prey material.