Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Background and Purpose—The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audienc...

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-early-management-of-patients-with-acute-19udbft6e7.pdf

Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

We present a technique for automatically assigning a neuroanatomical label to each location on a cortical surface model based on probabilistic information estimated from a manually labeled training set. This procedure incorporates both geometric information derived from the cortical model, and neuroanatomical convention, as found in the training set. The result is a complete labeling of cortical sulci and gyri. Examples are given from two different training sets generated using different neuroanatomical conventions, illustrating the flexibility of the algorithm. The technique is shown to be comparable in accuracy to manual labeling.

/pdf/automatically-parcellating-the-human-cerebral-cortex-16g7uhc9ep.pdf

Automatically Parcellating the Human Cerebral Cortex

Object. Changes in cortical representation in patients with cerebral lesions may alter the correlation between cortical anatomy and function. This is of potential clinical significance when the extent of cortical resection is based on surface anatomical landmarks. Methods. Fifty-one patients with supratentorial lesions were studied. Nineteen harbored noncentral lesions (no involvement of pre- or postcentral gyrus), whereas 32 had central lesions. Control studies consisted of stimulation of the hand contralateral to the unaffected hemisphere. Positron emission tomography activation studies were performed using the [15O]H2O tracer. Somatosensory stimulation of the hand or foot was performed using a mechanical vibrator. Motor activation consisted of hand clenching or foot tapping. The t-statistic volumes were generated from images showing the mean change in regional cerebral blood flow, and coregistered with a T1-weighted magnetic resonance image. At the threshold selected, exclusive contralateral primary se...

Cortical motor and somatosensory representation: effect of cerebral lesions

The combination of psychosis and refractory temporal lobe epilepsy is not rare. However, patients with chronic interictal psychosis and refractory epilepsy are rejected from many epilepsy surgery programmes purely on psychiatric grounds. It is often assumed that disturbed behaviour will prevent adequate preoperative evaluation or that the patients are unable to provide informed consent for preoperative investigations and for surgery. The observation that the psychosis usually does not improve after operation and fears of an exacerbation of psychosis with post-surgical seizure remission, analogous to 'forced normalization', are further deterrents to surgery in these patients. We describe five patients with the dual diagnoses of medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and chronic psychosis who underwent temporal lobe resection. The patients were able to provide informed consent and were easily managed during preoperative investigation. Seizure outcome has been excellent in all. Neither temporal lobe resection nor remission of seizures influenced the nature or evolution of the psychosis. Subjectively the patients functioned better in activities of daily living and freedom from seizures improved integration into psychiatric treatment facilities. With appropriate psychiatric intervention, patients with chronic psychosis and refractory epilepsy can participate in presurgical investigation successfully, and can undergo surgery uneventfully.

Results of surgical treatment in temporal lobe epilepsy with chronic psychosis.

Background and Purpose— Although white matter is a potential target of acute stroke therapy, there is uncertainty about its relative resistance to ischemia and whether it is capable of mounting a penumbral response. To explore these issues further, we examined the differential effects of ischemia on gray and white matter using magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion–diffusion mismatch after acute stroke. Methods— MR imaging studies were performed within 12 hours in patients with initial hemispheric ischemic stroke. “At-risk” tissue was defined as tissue with abnormal diffusion-weighted imaging/perfusion-weight imaging or infarction on follow-up image. Tissue was segmented using a probabilistic atlas generated from age-matched controls. The proportions of “at-risk” tissue, which was penumbral at the time of imaging, were compared between gray and white matter. Results— Thirty-two patients had diffusion–perfusion mismatched penumbral tissue present in both gray and white matter compartments. Although the absolute...

The existence and evolution of diffusion-perfusion mismatched tissue in white and gray matter after acute stroke

Definitions and Classifications.- Historical Aspects.- Epidemiology.- Etiology and Pathology.- Pathophysiology.- Animal and Experimental Models of Epileptic Seizures.- Epileptogenicity in the Developing Brain.- Generalized Epileptic Seizures.- Focal Epileptic Seizures.- Reflex Epileptic Seizures.- Neonatal Seizures.- Status Epilepticus.- Imitators of Epileptic Seizures.- History, Physical and Mental Examination and Assessment. - EEG.- Neuroimaging.- Neonatal Epileptic Seizures and Neonatal Epileptic Syndromes.- Idiopathic Epileptic Seizures and Syndromes in Infancy.- Epileptic Encephalopathies in Infancy and Early Childhood.- Severe Neocortical Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy and Childhood.- Benign Childhood Focal Seizures and Related Epileptic Syndromes.- Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies.- Familial (autosomal dominant) Focal Epilepsies.- Symptomatic and Cryptogenic Focal Epilepsies.- Reflex Seizures and Reflex Epilepsies.- Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies.- Epilepsies in Specified Groups of Patients.- Comorbidity.- Psychiatric Aspects.- Impact of Epilepsies.- Quality of Life.- Stigma .- The Epilepsy Treatment Gap .- Legal Aspects .- Great Achievers Amongst Epilepsy Patients .- Management of Epilepsies.- AED Prophylactic Treatment.- Surgery for Epilepsies.- Additional and Alternative Treatments. - Pharmacopoeia.

David C. Reutens

Papers

Cortical motor and somatosensory representation: effect of cerebral lesions

Results of surgical treatment in temporal lobe epilepsy with chronic psychosis.

The existence and evolution of diffusion-perfusion mismatched tissue in white and gray matter after acute stroke

Atlas of epilepsies

Disabling tremor after lamotrigine with sodium valproate.