Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Background and Purpose—The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audienc...

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-early-management-of-patients-with-acute-19udbft6e7.pdf

Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

We present a technique for automatically assigning a neuroanatomical label to each location on a cortical surface model based on probabilistic information estimated from a manually labeled training set. This procedure incorporates both geometric information derived from the cortical model, and neuroanatomical convention, as found in the training set. The result is a complete labeling of cortical sulci and gyri. Examples are given from two different training sets generated using different neuroanatomical conventions, illustrating the flexibility of the algorithm. The technique is shown to be comparable in accuracy to manual labeling.

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Automatically Parcellating the Human Cerebral Cortex

Social cognition in Turner's Syndrome

We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous lidocaine (1 mg/kg) in the treatment of acute migraine. Thirteen subjects were randomly allocated to receive intravenous lidocaine and 12 received intravenous normal saline. Subjects scored the intensity of headache and nausea on separate visual analogue scales before the injection and at 10 and 20 min after injection. At 20 min, the mean pain intensity score was 80% of initial intensity in the lidocaine group and 82% in the placebo group. The difference was not statistically significant; at 20 min, the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two groups in mean percentage of initial pain score was 2 ± 29%. At the dose studied, intravenous lidocaine has, at best, only a modest effect in acute migraine.

Is Intravenous Lidocaine Clinically Effective in Acute Migraine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Variable alterations to the structure of the corpus callosum have been described in adults with NPC, a neurometabolic disorder known to result in both white and gray matter pathology. This study sought to examine the structure of the callosum in a group of adult patients with NPC and compared callosal structure with a group of matched controls, and to relate callosal structure with state and trait illness variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine adult patients with NPC were matched to control subjects (n 26) on age and sex. The corpus callosum was segmented from the midsagittal section of T1-weighted images on all subjects, and total area, length, bending angle, and mean thickness were calculated. In addition, 39 regional thickness measures were derived by using a previously published method. All measures were compared between groups, and analyzed alongside symptom measures, biochemical parameters, and ocular-motor measures. RESULTS: The callosal area and mean thickness were significantly reduced in the patient group, and regional thickness differences were greatest in the genu, posterior body, isthmus, and anterior splenium. Global callosal measures correlated significantly with duration of illness and symptom score, and at trend level with degree of filipin staining. Measures of reflexive saccadic peak velocity and gain, and self-paced saccades, correlated strongly with total callosal area. CONCLUSIONS: Callosal structure and size reflect both state and trait markers in adult NPC, and they may be useful biomarkers to index both white and gray matter changes that reflect illness severity and progression.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH Size and Shape of the Corpus Callosum in Adult Niemann-Pick Type C Reflects State and Trait Illness Variables

Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator. Infusion of its precursor, L-arginine, results in increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in experimental animals. We examined the effects of L-arginine infusion on CBF in humans using positron emission tomography and the quantitative H2(15)O method. Six subjects received 500 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution, and six subjects received an infusion of L-arginine (16.7 mg/kg/min; 500 mg/kg). Before and after the i.v. infusion, paired CBF measurements were performed at baseline and with vibrotactile stimulation of the right hand. In scans performed without vibrotactile stimulation, mean whole-brain CBF increased from 34.9 +/- 3.7 ml 100 g-1 min-1 to 38.2 +/- 4.4 ml 100 g-1 min-1. (9.5%; p < 0.005) after L-arginine infusion. The temporal pattern of CBF changes differed from that of plasma growth hormone and insulin levels and of arterial pH. In contrast, in the saline group, mean whole-brain CBF did not change significantly (35.8 +/- 5.9 ml 100 g-1 min-1 to 35.9 +/- 6.4 ml 100 g-1 min-1; 0.3%). Vibrotactile stimulation produced significant focal increases in CBF, which were unaffected by L-arginine infusion. L-arginine infusion was associated with an increase in plasma L-citrulline, a byproduct of nitric oxide synthesis.

L-Arginine Infusion Increases Basal but not Activated Cerebral Blood Flow in Humans

When used to measure blood flow, water leaves a residue in the vascular bed, which may contribute to the calculation of increased blood flow during functional activation of brain tissue To assess the magnitude of this contribution with the two-compartment positron emission tomography (PET) method, we mapped the water clearance (K1) of the brain as an index of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the apparent vascular distribution of nonextracted H215O (Vo) The latter map represented mainly the cerebral arterial and arteriolar volume We also prepared subtraction maps (DeltaK1, DeltaVo) of the response to vibrotactile stimulation of the fingertips of the right hand of six normal volunteers Using magnetic resonance (MR) images of all subjects, the data were rendered into Talairach's stereotaxic coordinates and the averaged subtraction images (activation minus baseline) merged with the corresponding averaged MRI image The DeltaK1 map revealed the expected response in the primary sensory hand area; the DeltaVo response was located about 13 mm more anteriorly, close to the central fissure, most likely reflecting changes of the arteries feeding the primary sensory hand area We conclude that cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular responses to vibrotactile stimulation may occur in disparate locations that can be identified separately by using the two-compartment method

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1097/00004647-199701000-00010

David C. Reutens

Papers

Social cognition in Turner's Syndrome

Is Intravenous Lidocaine Clinically Effective in Acute Migraine

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Size and Shape of the Corpus Callosum in Adult Niemann-Pick Type C Reflects State and Trait Illness Variables

L-Arginine Infusion Increases Basal but not Activated Cerebral Blood Flow in Humans

Cerebral [15O] water clearance in humans determined by positron emission tomography: II. Vascular responses to vibrotactile stimulation.