Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review

The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide

The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange, plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous wastes Thus, despite the fact that all fish groups have functional kidneys, the gill epithelium is the site of many processes that are mediated by renal epithelia in terrestrial vertebrates Indeed, many of the pathways that mediate these processes in mammalian renal epithelial are expressed in the gill, and many of the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators of these processes are also found in fish endocrine tissues and the gill itself The basic patterns of gill physiology were outlined over a half century ago, but modern immunological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights into this complicated system Nevertheless, substantial questions about the evolution of these mechanisms and control remain

https://people.clas.ufl.edu/devans/files/PRVGill.pdf

The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste

The second edition of The Biomarker Guide is a fully updated and expanded version of this essential reference. Now in two volumes, it provides a comprehensive account of the role that biomarker technology plays both in petroleum exploration and in understanding Earth history and processes. Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History details the origins of biomarkers and introduces basic chemical principles relevant to their study. It discusses analytical techniques, and applications of biomarkers to environmental and archaeological problems. The Biomarker Guide is an invaluable resource for geologists, petroleum geochemists, biogeochemists, environmental scientists and archaeologists.

The Biomarker Guide

As a growing applied science, nanotechnology has considerable global socioeconomic value, and the benefits afforded by nanoscale materials and processes are expected to have significant impacts on almost all industries and all areas of society. A diverse array of engineered nanoscale products and processes have emerged [e.g., carbon nanotubes, fullerene derivatives, and quantum dots (QDs)], with widespread applications in fields such as medicine, plastics, energy, electronics, and aerospace. With the nanotechnology economy estimated to be valued at $1 trillion by 2012, the prevalence of these materials in society will be increasing, as will the likelihood of exposures. Importantly, the vastness and novelty of the nanotechnology frontier leave many areas unexplored, or underexplored, such as the potential adverse human health effects resulting from exposure to novel nanomaterials. It is within this context that the need for understanding the potentially harmful side effects of these materials becomes clear. The reviewed literature suggests several key points: Not all QDs are alike; engineered QDs cannot be considered a uniform group of substances. QD absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity depend on multiple factors derived from both inherent physicochemical properties and environmental conditions; QD size, charge, concentration, outer coating bioactivity (capping material and functional groups), and oxidative, photolytic, and mechanical stability have each been implicated as determining factors in QD toxicity. Although they offer potentially invaluable societal benefits such as drug targeting and in vivo biomedical imaging, QDs may also pose risks to human health and the environment under certain conditions.

A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors.

General Principles Introduction, R.T. Di Giulio and D.E. Hinton Bioavailability of Chemical Contaminants in Aquatic Systems, R.J. Erickson, J.W. Nichols, P.M. Cook, and G.T. Ankley Toxicokinetics in Fishes, K.M. Kleinow, J.W. Nichols, W.L. Hayton, J.M. McKim, and M.G. Barron Biotransformation in Fishes, D. Schlenk, M. Celander, E.P. Gallagher, S. George, M. James, S.W. Kullman, P. van den Hurk, and K. Willett Receptor-Mediated Mechanisms of Toxicity, M.E. Hahn and E.V. Hestermann Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress, R.T. Di Giulio and J.N. Meyer Key Target Systems and Organismal Effects Liver Toxicity, D.E. Hinton, H. Segner, D.W.T. Au, S.W. Kullman, and R.C. Hardman The Osmoregulatory System, S.E. Wendelaar Bonga and R.A.C. Lock Toxic Responses of the Fish Nervous System, S.P. Bradbury, R.W. Carlson, T.R. Henry, S. Padilla, and J. Cowden The Endocrine System, P. Thomas The Immune System of Fish: A Target Organ of Toxicity, E. Carlson and J.T. Zelikoff Chemical Carcinogenesis in Fishes, J.M. Rotchell, M.R. Miller, D.E. Hinton, R.T. Di Giulio, and G.K. Ostrander Toxicity Resistance, P.A. Van Veld and D.E. Nacci Methodologies and Applications Exposure Assessment and Modeling in the Aquatic Environment, D. Mackay and L. Milford Fish Toxicity Studies, G.M. Rand Biomarkers, D. Schlenk, R. Handy, S. Steinert, M.H. Depledge, and W. Benson Aquatic Ecosystems for Ecotoxicological Research: Considerations in Design Analysis for Fish, T.W. La Point, J.H. Kennedy, J.K. Stanley, and P. Balci Ecological Risk Assessment, D.R. Mount and T.R. Henry Case Studies Mining Impacts on Fish in the Clark Fork River, Montana: A Field Ecotoxicology Case Study, S.N. Luoma, J.N. Moore, A. Farag, T.H. Hillman, D.J. Cain, and M. Hornberger Toxicology of Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides in Fish: A Case Study, J.R. Coats Reproductive Impairment of Great Lakes Lake Trout by Dioxin-Like Chemicals, D.E. Tillitt, P.M. Cook, J.P. Giesy, W. Heideman, and R.E. Peterson The Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish from Puget Sound, Washington, L.L. Johnson, M.R. Arkoosh, C.F. Bravo, T.K. Collier, M.M. Krahn, J.P. Meador, M.S. Myers, W.L. Reichert, and J.E. Stein Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Pacific Herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska, G.D. Marty Case Study: Pulp and Paper Mill Impacts, M.G. Dube, K.R. Munkittrick, and L.M. Hewitt Estrogenic Effects of Treated Sewage Effluent on Fish: Steroids and Surfactants in English Rivers, C.R. Tyler, E.J. Routledge, and R. van Aerle Index

The Toxicology of Fishes

A method for isolation of mouse liver cells by a two-step perfusion with calcium and magnesium-free Hanks' salt solution followed by a medium containing collagenase is described. Several variations of the commonly used procedure for rat liver cell isolation were quantitatively compared with respect to cell yield and viability. The optimal isolation technique involved perfusion through the hepatic portal vein and routinely produced an average of 2.3 x 10(6) viable liver cells/g body weight. Optimal perfusate collagenase concentration was found to be 100 U of enzyme activity per milliliter of perfusate. Light and electron microscopic evaluation of liver morphology after several steps of the isolation showed distinct morphologic changes in hepatocytes and other liver cells during perfusion. After perfusion with Hanks' calcium- and magnesium-free solution, many hepatocytes exhibited early reversible cell injury. These changes included vesiculation and slight swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum as well as mitochondrial matrix condensation. Subsequent to perfusion with collagenase, the majority of hepatocytes appeared connected to one another only by tight junctional complexes at the bile canaliculi. Multiple evaginations were seen on the outer membrane resembling microville and probably represented the remains of cell-to-cell interdigitations between hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells from the space of Disse. The cytoplasmic injury seen after Hanks' perfusion was reversed after collagenase perfusion. After mechanical dispersion, isolated mouse hepatocytes were spherical in shape and existed as individual cells; many (80 to 85%) were binucleated under hase contrast light microscopy. By electron microscopy, cells appeared morphologically similar in cytoplasmic constitution to that seen in intact nonaltered liver cells.

http://mouselivercells.com/Images/1981_Mouse%20Liver%20Cell%20Culture%20I_Hepatocyte%20Isolation_In%20Vitro.pdf

Mouse liver cell culture. I. Hepatocyte isolation.

The fish embryo toxicity test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research.

Histopathologic biomarkers in feral freshwater fish populations exposed to different types of contaminant stress

Hepatic neoplasms in fish involve hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells and possibly perisinusoidal and endothelial cells. The application of this spectrum of hepatic alterations as biomarkers for field investigations will be proposed. Alternations in livers of sea pen cultured salmonids will be reviewed as an in situ verification of the validity of liver responses. Observations in livers of mature, moribund striped bass from the Carquinez Strait die-off will be reviewed as an example of hepatotoxicity in lethally injured feral fish. Confounding alterations associated with infectious disease including parasites will be compared using results obtained from recent survey of fishes of the Kanawha River, a heavily industrialized stream in West Virginia. Practical morphometric approaches designed to evaluate stress-related alterations in livers and their relation to assay of feral fishes will be presented. Histologic, progressive responses in a carcinogen resistant and a carcinogen responsive species will be presented and discussed as one means to determine toxic, but not necessarily neoplastic, alternations in livers of impacted organisms.

David E. Hinton

Papers

The Toxicology of Fishes

Mouse liver cell culture. I. Hepatocyte isolation.

The fish embryo toxicity test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research.

Histopathologic biomarkers in feral freshwater fish populations exposed to different types of contaminant stress

Liver structural alterations accompanying chronic toxicity in fishes: Potential biomarkers of exposure