There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

This review summarizes recent developments in the theory of spin glasses, as well as pertinent experimental data. The most characteristic properties of spin glass systems are described, and related phenomena in other glassy systems (dielectric and orientational glasses) are mentioned. The Edwards-Anderson model of spin glasses and its treatment within the replica method and mean-field theory are outlined, and concepts such as "frustration," "broken replica symmetry," "broken ergodicity," etc., are discussed. The dynamic approach to describing the spin glass transition is emphasized. Monte Carlo simulations of spin glasses and the insight gained by them are described. Other topics discussed include site-disorder models, phenomenological theories for the frozen phase and its excitations, phase diagrams in which spin glass order and ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism compete, the Ne\'el model of superparamagnetism and related approaches, and possible connections between spin glasses and other topics in the theory of disordered condensed-matter systems.

Spin glasses: Experimental facts, theoretical concepts, and open questions

Statistical physics has proven to be a fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. Recent years have witnessed an attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. A wide list of topics are reviewed ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading. The connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted. Comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems are also emphasized.

Statistical physics of social dynamics

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

Statistical physics of vehicular traffic and some related systems

I. Methods and Concepts 1. Introduction to Nonequilibrium Systems and Transport Phenomena 2. Methods for the Description of Stochastic Models 3. Particle-Hopping Models of Transport far From Equilibrium 4. Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process - Exact Results II. Applications 5. Vehicular Traffic I: Empirical Facts 6. Vehicular Traffic II: The Nagel-Schreckenberg Model 7. Vehicular Traffic III: Other CA Models 8. Vehicular Traffic III: Non-CA Modelling Approaches 9. Transport on Networks 10. Pedestrian Dynamics 11. Biological Traffic

/pdf/stochastic-transport-in-complex-systems-from-molecules-to-ilars8gy0q.pdf

Stochastic Transport in Complex Systems: From Molecules to Vehicles

Physics of Transport and Traffic Phenomena in Biology: from molecular motors and cells to organisms

We develop particle-hopping models of two-lane traffic with two different types of vehicles (characterized by two different values of the maximum allowed speed Vmax) generalizing the Nagel-Schrecknnberg stochastic cellular-automata model for single-lane traffic with a single Vmax The simplest of the two models is symmetric with respect to the two lanes as well as with respect to the two types of vehicles In the asymmetric model, different rules govern the changing from the the “fast” lanes to the “slow” one and the reverse process Moreover, in the asymmetric model, the drivers of fast vehicles can anticipate, often well in advance, the possibility of getting trapped behind a slow vehicle and tend to avoid such possibilities

Debashish Chowdhury

Papers

Statistical physics of vehicular traffic and some related systems

Stochastic Transport in Complex Systems: From Molecules to Vehicles

Physics of Transport and Traffic Phenomena in Biology: from molecular motors and cells to organisms

Particle hopping models for two-lane traffic with two kinds of vehicles: Effects of lane-changing rules

Stochastic mechano-chemical kinetics of molecular motors: A multidisciplinary enterprise from a physicist’s perspective